Tobacco Industry Essays - Summer, Tobacco, Habits, Smoking

Tobacco Industry Since my presentation was on Microsoft, I am going to try to analyze the Tobacco industry presentation. The Tobacco industry is an industry where they make tobacco products, then distribute it to stores, which then sell them to the consumer. Some tobacco manufactures are Camel, Marlboro (lights or reds? you choose), and Newport. Many people like to smoke cigarettes so they usually are the ones that purchase the tobacco. Because many people smoke tobacco, the Tobacco industry makes millions of profit off people who smoke. Tobacco has proven to cause cancer and other diseases. Tobacco is addicting, so many consumers have trouble quitting. Tobacco therefore, causes death. One way of marketing this deadly product is Advertising. Although advertising is very expensive, that expense will eventually be covered by future profits and more. Advertising targets all ages. Who ever can get their hands on cigarettes will be the consumer for a very long time. But isn't there an 18-age limit on people who can buy cigarettes? Yes, but then why are there so many teens hooked on cigarettes. Obviously there is no control over that too. Even thought the box is labeled and causes lung cancer and death, and is also addicting, people want to suet these tabacco companies. People want the government to regulate the sale of these cigarettes because too many minors are buying these cigarettes. This means that these minors will become hooked at an early age and then die sooner from the cigarettes. People also accuse some Tobacco companies of advertising to teenagers for example Joe Camel targets young adolescents. The Joe Camel dresses in baggie cool clothing, and hangs out with the crowd playing pool and smoking cigarettes called Camel. Another way the Tobacco tries to make their profit is by advertising in stores near schools and colleges where young people will stroll in during break time. Come on, business is business. You got make the profit. The Tobacco industry knows and everyone knows this product kills, its right on the package: This product is hazardous to your health? in other words, this product will turn your lungs black, cause birth defects, and will murder you, be careful. Well the company warns and the consumer chooses. The tobacco industry advertises to gain sales. It is the thing to do when you have a business. You want a toque, just go and buy. . But this product is only made to smoke or chew, not to clean the floor. Yeah we have the right to choose to smoke or not smoke but do children have the knowledge to choose between health and being cool with your friends? Maybe after their hooked and their lungs are black. The Industry is not helping when they advertise to teenagers. Labeling and warning about the dangers of the product is a must. And as adults, we make our own decisions. We choose whither we want to become addicted and later die at an early age. Young people do not. These people are still immature and do not think of long-term consequences. Regulating advertising is a must for kids minds and health. It will reduce the wants and coolness of smoking or chewing tobacco. The government should step in and control the situation at retail stores so that is harder for kids to get their hands on tobacco. For us adults, we are intelligent enough to know what can kill us. Business

What You Should Know About Interracial Friendship

What You Should Know About Interracial Friendship Interracial friendships have been the subject of television shows such as â€Å"Any Day Now† or films such as â€Å"The Lethal Weapon† franchise. To boot whenever prominent people make a racial misstep, they are so quick to declare that some of their â€Å"best friends are black† that the expression has become a clichà ©. The idea that hipsters desperately want black friends has also become pervasive in recent years. In reality, interracial friendships remain relatively uncommon. Racially segregated schools, neighborhoods and workplaces contribute to this trend. But even in diverse settings, interracial friendships tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Racial stereotypes and prejudice inevitably color how different racial groups perceive each other, resulting in divisions that pose challenges to potential cross-cultural friendships. Investigating Rarity While government agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau collect data on interracial marriage, there’s no definitive way to determine how common interracial friendships are. Simply asking people if they have a friend of a different race has also proven to be ineffective given that the public is likely to include mere acquaintances as friends in an effort to appear well-rounded and open-minded. Accordingly in 2006, demographer Brent Berry set out to discover how common interracial friendships are by examining more than 1,000 photographs of wedding parties. Berry reasoned that people typically include their closest friends in wedding parties, leaving little doubt that the members of such parties would be true friends of the bride and groom. Those featured in the wedding party photos were of black, white and Asian origin or what Berry classified as â€Å"other† race. To say that Berry’s results were eye-opening would be an understatement. The demographer found that just 3.7 percent of whites were close enough to their black friends to include them in their wedding parties. Meanwhile, 22.2 percent of African Americans included white groomsmen and bridesmaids in their wedding parties. That’s six times the amount of whites who included blacks in theirs. On the other hand, whites and Asians included each other in wedding parties at roughly the same rate. Asians, though, include blacks in their wedding parties at just one-fifth the rate that blacks include them. Berry’s research leads one to conclude that African Americans are much more open to cross-cultural relationships than other groups. It also reveals that whites and Asians are far less inclined to invite blacks to join their wedding parties- presumably because African Americans remain so marginalized in the U.S. that a friendship with a black person lacks the social currency that a friendship with a white person or Asian carries. Other Barriers Racism isn’t the only barrier to interracial friendships. Reports that Americans have become increasingly socially isolated in the 21st also play a role. According to a 2006 study called â€Å"Social Isolation in America† the number of people Americans say they can discuss important matters with dwindled by almost one-third from 1985 to 2004. The study not only found that people have fewer confidants but that Americans increasingly confide in their family members rather than in friends.  Moreover, 25 percent of Americans say they have no one at all to confide in, more than double the amount of people who said the same in 1985. The impact of this trend affects people of color more than whites. Minorities and people with less education have smaller social networks than whites do. If people of color are more likely to depend on their family members for companionship than non-relatives it makes it unlikely that they will have many same-race friendships, let alone interracial ones. Hope For The Future While the public’s social networks may be shrinking, the amount of Americans in the 21st century who report having interracial friendships is up from 1985. The percentage of Americans who say they have at least one close friend of another race has risen from 9 percent to 15 percent, according to the General Social Survey, which the researchers behind â€Å"Social Isolation in America† used for their study. Nearly 1,500 people were questioned about the individuals with whom they’d recently discussed serious concerns. Researchers then asked participants to describe the race, gender, educational background and other characteristics of their confidants. Twenty years from now the amount of Americans involved in interracial friendships will surely increase.

Life and Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life and Death - Essay Example In other words, as Brookes (20) says, it is the infinite in the finite. Before joining the class, I was of the belief that war is justifiable as a means to protect the innocent. However, the pacifist ideology made me confused as that is against any kind of violence. There are various opinions in this class of thought as some people in the pacifist group think war is justifiable if it is used for defense purposes while some are totally against any violence. However, the question arose in my mind if it is justifiable to stay silent and inactive when one witnesses atrocities in society, say in another country. I thought of the military action undertaken by NATO in various nations when there are large scale human rights violations. Then, one will have to admit that abstaining from war against the erring will cause more damage to the innocent than resorting to war. Thus, I reached the realization that in the case of war, the only possible conclusion is ‘end justifies means’. In total, my opinion seemed closer to Just War Theory that intends to set some moral and political criteria that justify war. At this juncture, some people opine that if this is the case, terrorism too gains justifiable grounds. However, in my opinion, terrorism is in no way justifiable. There are two reasons that make terrorism unacceptable and different from war. Terrorism intentionally aims the innocent while the kind of war I support intends to protect the innocent. Moreover, while war is intended to impose the wish of the majority on a minority, terrorism is the attempt to achieve the goals of a minority against the wish of majority. Thus, terrorism does not have a rational ‘end’ to justify the means. In total, while war enjoys the support of Utilitarianism, terrorism enjoys the support of none. Regarding Euthanasia, I realized how difficult it is to reach a logical conclusion about the morality in it. Firstly, there is the Utilitarian theory of John Stuart Mill ac cording to which the action that produces maximum happiness to the greatest number is the best approach. Thus, it becomes evident that the acceptability of mercy killing, according to Utilitarianism, is purely dependent on how the patient and his family accept it. However, as Warburton (57) points out, someone who advocates deontologist ideology may claim that one should not think about the consequences and must strictly adhere to the commandment ‘Thou shalt not kill’. Here, it becomes evident that while taking moral judgments in euthanasia, one will be forced to strictly follow one ethical theory and forget the rest. So, as in the case of war, there are instances where killing is the best solution and hence justifiable. In addition, there is the issue of the morality of abortion. In fact there are a number of ethical questions associated with abortion. The first is when a fetus should be considered as a human being. As far as this question remains unanswered by the sci ence fraternity, I find it difficult to answer the question. If the fetus is considered as a human being, the question will be if it is right to kill a human being. However, it seems that all ethical theories agree on the fact that an innocent person should not be killed. However, various groups possess various assumptions about when to consider a fetus as a human being. Even if a fetus is considered as a human being, there are circumstances like war when human beings are killed. So, in my opinion, abortion is justifiable, but depends on the ‘end’ the action wants to achieve. Thus, in total, it seems that all

Introspection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introspection - Essay Example The depth of introspection a person has concerning ethical beliefs depends on their life experiences. An example would be a child raised in a monastery, who later becomes a monk. This child believes what he has been taught but also spends much time in prayer. This child has been taught about the sins of man. He then introspectively searches his soul for his sins. This allows for him to be a more ethical person. On the other hand, if a child is raised in a monastery, but physically or sexually abused by a priest, this child might not have high ethics. This child might even grow up to abuse other children since the cycle tends to repeat themselves. Experiences determine an individual’s ethics. Ethical beliefs can change over time. In fact, ethical beliefs change and grow as a person ages. A child might lie for fear of disapproval, but grow and become a truthful adult. Children learn as they grow. Another example would be a two-year-old might hit other children, but find out later hitting is wrong. It depends on how time and experiences change a child. Adults guide children’s ethics, but in the end, experiences dictate a child’s ethics and introspection. Finally, the true test of ethics is the reason behind an individual’s beliefs. If a person does not steal or commit murder for fear of prison, they are law abiding, not truly ethical. If a person does not steal because it is wrong, this makes them ethical. When a person thinks of others and how they feel; about what is right and wrong, then they are ethical.

Research paper about lululemon Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

About lululemon - Research Paper Example The industry also has many established players such as Nike, Adidas, and GAP inc. among others. Economic factors such as increasing production costs and regulated prices across political jurisdictions are significant. Legal provisions such as intellectual property laws and political environments such as trade policies are also significant (Forgeon, et al. 38, 40). Delta Galil is one of the major suppliers. The supplier is established, with about 10000 workers and annual revenue of about one billion dollars. This suggests stability of the suppliers whose clients include Lululemon’s major competitors such as Nike. Eclat Textile company is another of the suppliers, has high revenue level and deals in Lululemon’s competitors. Workday INC is another major supplier. The suppliers are stable and deal with Lululemon’s competitors, a factor that suggests fair supplier powers, but Lululemon only commands a limited percentage of the suppliers’ revenues, and this limits its bargaining powers (Forgeon, et al. 25, 26). Lululemon’s distinct product design is one of its strengths ans allows it to develop brand image. The design also aims at establishing product quality and therefore develops a competitive advantage. The attained high quality also allows for price increase towards greater profit margins. Short lifecycle that ensures faster product inception is also strength and allows the company to respond to possible dynamic changes in the market. Research and development that focus on data from customers’ opinions is strength and allows for immediate response to customers’ changing needs (Forgeon, et al. 18, 19). The company has limited partnerships in distribution of products and this is its major weakness. Apart from its retail stores, Lululemon only deals with clubs and studios, while partnerships with other stores and franchises could facilitate more revenues. The company has significant growth opportunities in North America and

Health Essays Treatment OCD Disorder

Health Essays Treatment OCD Disorder Treatment OCD Disorder Introduction My research intention is to compose a literature review aimed at finding the best existing method for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive and distressing thoughts, urges and images as well as repetitive behaviours aimed at decreasing the discomfort caused by these obsessive thoughts. So in order to achieve my research intention I will be comparing and analysing a wide assortment of current and previous literature to distinguish the most favourable treatment method, where advantages outweigh all disadvantages. The key features of OCD as already discussed, include obsessional doubt, the need to feel in control, and risk aversion, and these features have significant impact on the successful application of both pharmacological and behavioural treatments. Treatment History of Obsessive-compulsive disorder Until the 1960’s OCD was considered a refractory psychiatric condition, neither psychotherapy nor a variety of pharmacological treatments had proven successful with the symptoms, however since around 1975, much progress has been made in improving the effectiveness of these treatments. Prior to 1980, OCD was unresponsive to psychotherapy, anxiolytic drugs, and anti-psychotic drugs and had a poor record of success. Today although treatment of this disorder remains challenging, the effectiveness of both behavioural and pharmacological therapies has been significantly improved. Treatments There are many methods available for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) arguably the most popular of these being administration of antidepressants, either taken singularly or a combination of 2. Also Psychotherapy strategies including both behavioural and cognitive treatments where it is common (and often claimed to achieve better results) for the two to be combined, this is known as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). I will then go on to investigate Combination treatments. This being the combination of antidepressants and a CBT treatment to see if a combination of the two is more successful than using either alone. Alternative strategies are available for OCD sufferers and although these are not as successful as some of the already discussed, they are worth mentioning as they can provide relief to patients, also when added to another more established treatment better results may be achieved. I will also be touching on psychosurgery (also known as neurosurgery), and Electro Convulsive therapy, which although are only used in the most extreme cases, are still worth mentioning as, when used, have shown significant efficacy in the treatment of OCD. Pharmacotherapy, the uses of antidepressants for the treatment of Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Currently in the UK only 5 drugs are licensed for the treatment of OCD, They include the Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) Clomipramine and the Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibiting (SSRI) antidepressants Fluoxetine, Sertraline, Paroxetine, and Fluvoxamine which can be collectively labelled as STI’s, these STI’s represent the cornerstone of Pharmacological treatment in patients with OCD. A good reason for using antidepressants in OCD treatment is that very often there will be underlying depressive disorder. There is a substantial amount of evidence derived from a large number of placebo-controlled clinical trials, to indicate that drugs, which preferentially block the re-uptake of Serotonin, are effective in ameliorating the symptoms of OCD. The evidence in favour of other antidepressants without potent serotonergic properties is poor. Clomipramine was the first agent to receive food and drug administration (FDA) approval for the treatment of OCD, and was also the first medication to demonstrate consistent efficacy in the treatment of patients with OCD (Clomipramine collaborative study group) it has been the most extensively studied medication for the treatment of OCD. Studies in OCD treatment that have compared two antidepressants have been very small and yet an apparent superiority of Clomipramine emerges. In a small three-way study by Thoren et al (94), which compared Clomipramine with Nontriptyline and Placebo, found there was significant effect for Clomipramine but Nontriptyline appeared no different from Placebo. However a significant difference between active treatments is not normally expected unless very large numbers are included in studies. Clomipramine which affects both 5-HT and non adrenalin may be more effective than SSRI’s although does have more side effects which is the biggest disincentive, these include constipation, dry mouth, tremor and weight gain, however these side effects can be used to advantage in patients who cannot deal with the agitation of the SSRI’s During trials, drop out rates due to side effects from Clomipramine are consistently higher than for the SSRI’s. (Pata et al 90) Although there are only rare reports of less efficacy, the issue of how long to maintain treatment before a trial off medication has not been well explored. The only data that exists in this area comes from 3 rather small-blinded discontinuation studies. All were done with Clomipramine. (Pato, Zohar, Kadouch, Zohar Murphy 1988) in each case, the majority of the patients upwards of 90% had their symptoms return within 4-7 weeks of discontinuing medication. The efficacy of SSRI’s versus those of the TCA’s, for these indications is unstudied, further research is required fully to assess the place of the SSRI’s in the treatment and understanding of OCD. Fluvoxamine has been shown to be significantly better than Placebo and equal in efficacy to Tricyclic’s such as Clomipramine however Fluvoxamine compared to Clomipramine is found to have fewer side effects and is a first line agent in the treatment of OCD. More than 50% of patients with OCD are significantly improved after a trial with Fluvoxamine, however not all patients benefit from this treatment- In a single-blind study of Fluvoxamine 6 of 10 in patients with severe OCD were ‘responders’ on the basis of a clinical rating of ‘much’ or very ‘much’ improved. The most commonly reported side effects for Fluvoxamine are daytime drowsiness, nausea, insomnia, and headache. However these seem to be common side effects of all the SSRI’s. The effects of Fluoxetine in OCD have been studied in a number of single blind and open trials, and the results indicate that Fluoxetine is effective in reducing the symptoms of OCD; these results also appear to be dependent of the drugs antidepressant effect. (Liebowitz et al 1990, Riddle et al 1990) While these studies suggest that drugs with Serotonin re-uptake blocking properties are effective in OCD, they do not bear on which of these drugs may be more effective or better tolerated. Although no such comparative trials have been published, Jenike and associates (1990) indirectly compared Fluoxetine with Clomipramine in OCD symptoms in a recent meta-analysis. The data came from two separate open studies of each compound in OCD, and the special statistical techniques used suggested that Clomipramine had a slightly superior therapeutic effect. Fluoxetine however was considerably bettered tolerated. Fewer data is available on Fluoxetine, ideally more research is needed to better understand its place in OCD treatment. Paroxetine efficacy reports back to Wheaden et al (1993) however a more recent study (Zohar et al 1996) reported that in a 12 week acute trail comparing patients on Paroxetine, Clomipramine and Placebo, only 16% of Paroxetine patients had drug related adverse experiences, compared to 28% on Clomipramine, and although generally well tolerated, there have been some reports of severe withdrawal symptoms, even when done gradually. This however may be related to the fact Paroxetine is a newer FDA approved agent for OCD, and there have not been as many published findings of its efficacy compared to other agents available. Sertraline has generally shown significant improvement in OCD symptoms when compared to placebo (Greist et al 95), and although Sertraline does have the smallest effect size, with regard to side effects it is well tolerated. However unlike Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine and Paroxetine there are no head to head trials comparing it to other antiobsessionals. Some advantages of the SSRI’s are that they have fewer clinically meaningful interactions, for example, they do not potentiate the effects of alcohol, or other sedatives- (Cooper et al 1989), however as not all of the SSRI’s have been tested with all drugs generalisations are difficult. One meaningful global measure of how well medications are tolerated is the number of patients who have dropped out of double-blind trials because of adverse effects. Most double blind studies of SSRI’s have had more dropouts among patients treated with tricyclic antidepressants such as Clomipramine. Within the SSRI’s the highest dropout rate was associated with Fluvoxamine and the lowest with Paroxetine. While the number of dropouts provides useful information, this variable is also important for the examination of specific side effects. When considering a combination of 2 types of drugs there is rarely any rationale for prescribing together more than one drug from the same general class. Fatalities have been reported following the combination of Clomipramine and Tranylcypromine. Other combinations can lead to adverse effects. TCA’s and SSRI’s have been tried together but there is a high risk of adverse interactions. If the two-antidepressant classes were to be co prescribed the safest choice would appear to be Citalopram, or low dose Sertraline that have little or no effect on the metabolism of TCA. (Taylor 95) ‘Triple therapy’ has also been tried, one example being Clomipramine, Tryptophan and Lithium. When considering Pharmacotherapy treatment failure, comparative dropout rates rather than number of intensity of side effects, may be a good indirect measure of the tolerability of the medication, the results in this regard have been mixed but very interesting. In comparative studies between Fluvoxamine and Clomipramine (Freeman et al 1994, Koran et al 1996) dropout rates were virtually identical with both medications around 15%. However in the meta-analysis conducted by Greist et al 1995 they note that analysis of the pooled multicenter studies revealed the lowest rates of dropout in the Clomipramine group at 12%, followed by Fluvoxamine at 24%. There are some data on the characteristics of patients who are more resistant to treatment or poor treatment responders, but more work is needed in this area. For example, many OCD patients have shown poor response to Pharmacotherapy in some studies. (Jenike 93, Riccardi et al 92), and more recently (Black, Manahan, Clancy, Baker, and Gabel 97) Psychotherapy in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive disorders a Cognitive-Behavioural approach. Research has shown that psychological and social treatment can produce definite and measurable benefits (Kingdon et al 1994). Cognitive behavioural therapy leads to marked improvement in the large majority of clients with OCD who complete the treatment, and has been estimated that between 80/90% of patients will respond to CBT (Abramowitz 97) In Meyers (1966) treatment plan hospital staff actually stopped the patients from performing rituals-this treatment procedure was labelled ‘exposure and response prevention’ (EX/RP). However this kind of intervention is no longer typical or recommended. Actual physical prevention is too coercive to be acceptable-and reliance upon this technique may limit generalizability to non-therapy situations in which staff are non-present to prevent rituals. Although exposure reduces obsessional distress it is not so effective in reducing compulsions. Exposure and response prevention (EX/RP) is the psychological treatment of choice for OCD. Although other interventions (Cognitive approaches) have received some attention in the literature EX/RP has received by far the strongest empirical support for treating. Despite documented efficacy of EX/RP treatment 25% of individuals with OCD decline to accept this form of CBT. Efforts to understand the factors influencing acceptability of exposure treatment are indicated so that more clients may profit from this powerful remedy. Separate effects of exposure and response prevention for OCD have been examined, treatment that combined both exposure and response prevention was found to be more effective. (Foa, Steketee, Grayson, Turner, Latimer 1984) With non-ritualisers, exposure did not prove particularly effective. Emmelkamp Kwee (1977) noted only 1 of 3 patients showing improvement after 5 one-hour sessions. Although exposure reduces obsessional distress it is not as effective as reducing compulsions. It is generally held that patients with obsessions alone, rather than obsessions and compulsions are more difficult to treat using conventional behavioural procedures. However recent research is inconsistent with this view as patients in 2 studies evidenced some improvement in compulsive behaviour with this technique. (Marks, Crowe, Young Dewhurst 69) CBT has been found to be more helpful than drugs for individuals who complete it. About 75% of clients who complete CBT do well both immediately after treatment and in the long run, showing lasting improvement of about 65% fewer symptoms on average-also no side effects. Drugs, mainly antidepressants in this condition, are easy to administer and are more rapidly effective than the main forms of behaviour therapy, response prevention and gradual exposure. However unlike drug treatment, once behaviour therapy has been used and shown to be effective, relapse is much less likely to occur even after treatment is withdrawn completely. A number of other exposure-orientated procedures, such as paradoxical intention, imaginal flooding, satiation, and aversion relief have been found relatively unsuccessful with OCD. Procedures aimed at blocking or punishing obsessions and compulsions such as though stopping, aversion therapy, and covert sensitisation have also been relatively unsuccessful with OCD. (Emmelkamp Kwee 1977, Kenny, Mowbray Lalani 1978) Conversely Victor Meyer treated clients with OCD with prolonged exposure to situations of objects that evoked obsessional distress and prevention of rituals-the treatment was very successful in 10 of its 15 cases. (Meyer 1966, Meyer Levy 1973, Meyer, Levy Schnurer 1974) Another downfall that the literature indicates is that OCD patients who have additional psychological problems are less likely to respond favourably to CBT, these include depression, anxiety or poor judgement, and unfortunately these often coexist with OCD symptoms. Combination treatments, Antidepressants CBT in Obsessive-Compulsive disorder. As already discussed, effective treatments for OCD consist mainly of Cognitive behavioural therapy and antidepressants. In order to maximise the effects of treatment, antidepressants and CBT are frequently combined in clinical practice, despite the fact that scientific support for this is surprisingly thin. Preliminary findings of a controlled, double blind, multicenter comparison of Clomipramine, exposure therapy and their combination indicate that exposure therapy have stronger effects than Clomipramine-both procedures combined are equivalent to exposure therapy alone. (Foa et al 93) Also Combination of EX/RP was not enhanced by the addition of cognitive therapy (Emmelkamp Beens 1991). However findings by Van Oppen et al (95) show that cognitive approaches compared to EX/RP indicated that cognitive therapy alone was as effective as exposure therapy. A recent meta-analysis (Van Balkom et al 94) showed that CBT was superior to antidepressants on self-ratings, also compared with CBT; antidepressants have a higher dropout rate and higher relapse rate after stopping treatment. Thus when given alone CBT is more effective than antidepressants. However meta-analysis have shortcomings, firstly since studies are combined, there is always a mixture of the specific study details such as the way in which treatments were implemented, also studies differ in length, therapist involvement, and strictness of ritual control, leaving many reasons to believe that the results of meta-analysis are not conclusive. Conversely one large multicenter study carried out by the national institute of mental health compared 2 forms of psychotherapy with antidepressant drug treatment, all treatments were approximately equally effective over the period of study when mildly ill people were assessed, however, with more severely ill patients, drug treatment was clearly superior to psychotherapy. (Elkin et al 1989) Third line treatments-Electro compulsive therapy and Psychosurgery for Obsessive-compulsive disorder. If psychosocial and pharmacological treatments do not work, third-line treatment includes Psychosurgery and electro convulsive therapy (ECT). Although rarely used electro convulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be of benefit in some who failed to respond adequately to Pharmacological or Psychotherapy interventions (Strober et al 98). In many cases there will be temporary amnesia post treatment and mild headache but otherwise ECT is free from side effects. This makes it distinct from the anti-depressants, and it is for this reason that ECT is still used. Studies using ECT however lack any control data that allow a conclusion to be reached about its efficacy. Psychosurgery like ECT has aroused a great deal of controversy. Results suggest that 25-30% of the patients who previously were unresponsive to medication and behavioural treatments are significantly improved after psychosurgery, although should always be considered as a last resort, studies suggest that complications are relatively rare and that neuropsychological and personality functioning is not adversely effected by psychosurgery Some Conclusions. In sum, there are 2 very good treatments for OCD. CBT seems to produce more improvement than medication, and improvements are more lasting after treatment is stopped. Medication however does take less time and effort in the short run than CBT but may have to be continued indefinitely. Medication is not emotionally challenging but you must tolerate side effects, EX/RP requires determination and is emotionally challenging. With regards to treatment failure Foa et al (1983) argue that it is only when investigation is carried out of the differences between those who succeed and those who fail, that light can be thrown on the mechanisms involved in the treatment and more effective treatment strategies be developed, as it is evident that new and more effective pharmacological and psychotherapy strategies are needed for the treatment-refractory OCD patient.

The Struggle for Identity in A Doll’s House :: A Doll’s House

The Struggle for Identity in A Doll's House      Ã‚   A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that was written ahead of its time. In this play Ibsen tackles women's rights as a matter of importance. Throughout this time period it was neglected. A Doll's House was written during the movement of Naturalism, which commonly reflected society. Ibsen acknowledges the fact that in 19th century life the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband. Nora Helmer is the character in A Doll House who plays the 19th woman and is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen's plays: "The common denominator in many of Ibsen's dramas is his interest in individuals struggling for and authentic identity in the face of tyrannical social conventions. This conflict often results in his characters' being divided between a sense of duty to themselves and their responsibility to others."(1563) All of the aspects of this quote can be applied to the play A Doll House, in Nora Helmer's character, who throughout much of the play is oppressed, presents an inauthentic identity to the audience and throughout the play attempts to discovery her authentic identity. The inferior role of Nora is extremely important to her character. Nora is oppressed by a variety of "tyrannical social conventions." Ibsen in his "A Doll's House" depicts the role of women as subordinate in order to emphasize their role in society. Nora is oppressed by the manipulation from Torvald. Torvald has a very typical relationship with society. He is a smug bank manager. With his job arrive many responsibilities. He often treats his wife as if she is one of these responsibilities. Torvald is very authoritative and puts his appearance, both social and physical, ahead of his wife that he supposedly loves. Torvald is a man that is worried about his reputation, and cares little about his wife's feelings. Nora and Torvald's relationship, on the outside appears to be a happy. Nora is treated like a child in this relationship, but as the play progresses she begins to realize how phony her marriage is. Torvald sees Nora's only role as being the subservient and loving wife. He refers to Nora as "my little squirrel" (p.1565), "my little lark" (p.1565), or "spendthrift"(1565). To him, she is only a possession. Torvald calls Nora by pet-names and speaks down to her because he thinks that she is not intelligent and that she can not think on her own.

Physical development observation of a special need child in a group of diverse children Essay

ASSIGNMENT # 2: PARENT INFORMATION/EDUCATION SHEET In Chapter six, Stress is the body’s reaction to a physical or emotional situation that causes discrepancy in a person’s life. On the other hand, all children will experience stress, sometimes significant amounts of it, in their lives. The author depict the stress that young children may experience and it may well be resulting from disrupted homes, blended families, both parents working outside the home; increased exposure to violence, Parents working all the time, death, poverty Experts agree that for some children, growing up in today’s world may be tougher. As many as 25% of all children are at risk of academic failure because of physical, emotional, or social problems and are less able to function well in the classroom because they are hungry, sick, troubled, or depressed. Children seem to have fewer sources of adult support than in the past, and many are being pressured to grow up faster (Honig, 2009; Marks, 2002).We need to be concerned about accumulated ch ildhood stress and to be watchful about the types of stress-coping responses children are developing. Children experience stress from time to time in growing up. We have good evidence that children in poor families are less able to function well academically, socially, and physically. Despite this, almost 12 million children in the United States (16%) live in poverty, and another 5 million (7%) live in extreme poverty (Luthar & Sexton, 2007. Many children live in families that are typically overwhelmed with high levels of substance abuse, domestic abuse, and mental health problems. Poor children are more inclined to have developmental delays and behavioral and disciplinary problems than other children. They experience malnutrition, health problems, and below average school performance. Five suggested techniques for reducing childhood stress and supporting young children at home are: For parents that are working all the times, quality time is important as kids get older. Allow time for fun activities, It’s really hard to come home after a long day of work to get down on the flo or, and play with your kids or just talk to them about their day especially if they’ve had a stressful one themselves. Whether they need to talk or just be in the same room with you, make yourself available because expressing interest shows that they’re important. Complicating factors, like a divorce or separation, when these are added to the everyday  pressures that kids are facing, the stress is overstated. Divorce has been embattled as the single largest cause of childhood depression. Almost all children in that situation manifest some signs of psychological imbalance or feelings of insecurity. Even the most amicable divorce can be a difficult experience for kids because of uncertainty, it is a tough change. Parents should never put kids in a position of having to choose sides or expose them to negative comments about the other spouse. Parents need to sit down and explain to children the changes in an age appropriate way about what to expect, reassure them that the love both parents have for them will never change and that both of you will always be there to support them in any way. Another Suggested technique is Life event like death of a love one, Parents feel uncertain about how to comfort their children who have experienced the loss of a love one. Children understand very little about death, it is the parent’s responsibility to help their children develop a healthy understanding about the subject matter. Different families have different views when talking to children about death, it is a day to day event that even adult cannot comprehend but in that circumstance parents have no choice but to help their children cope with their loss by allowing them to talk and express their feelings and emotions. Additional suggested technique is natural disaster, as we seen in many countries where a hurricane or an earthquaque cause a family to lose their home and all their belongings. In time of hardship and confusion such as this, Children are thrown out of balance, they feel disoriented and will develop stress and anxiety caused by fear. Parents need to shield their children and help them get back into control. Talk to the children, reassure them that this situation is temporary and promise them that things will get better or seek professional help. Conclusion Our complex modern society has greatly increased the amount of stress adults and children are exposed to. Children are experiencing more stress at younger and younger ages Children react in different ways to stress. Some children become ill. Some may become withdrawn and nervous while others show anger and demand attention. It is not easy to recognize when kids are stressed out, but listen and watch for behavioral changes, mood swings, acting out, changes in sleep patterns, or bedwetting can be indications. Some kids have trouble concentrating or completing schoolwork. Still others become withdrawn or spend a lot of time alone even very young children have worries and feel stress to some degree. Adults ordinarily fail to recognize the incidence and magnitude of stress in the lives of children the author went on to explain how to help kids cope with stress, it is to provide proper rest and good nutrition, to create time for your kids each day. No technique will work all of the time. But Pay a little extra attention to her Some children experience more stress than others, some are more sensitive to stress and some are better at handling it than others. We cannot eliminate all stress from children’s lives, nor can we always succeed in making stressed children feel better immediately. Stress is a part of life, and children learn how to handle child-sized stress by dealing with it, with appropriate help and support. By practicing stress-reduction and relaxation strategies with your children, you’re helping them build skills they will use throughout their lives. Create an information sheet that can be sent home to help families support their children in times

Geography and Facts on Disney Theme Parks

Geography and Facts on Disney Theme Parks Disneys first theme park was Disneyland, located in Anaheim California. Disneyland opened on July 17, 1955. In the 1970s, the Walt Disney Company developed its Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Division after the construction of the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney Resort in Orlando, Florida. Since its founding in 1971, the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Division has been responsible for expanding its original Disney parks and building new parks all over the world. For example, Disneys original park, Disneyland, was expanded to include Disneys California Adventure Park in 2001. The following is a list of the Disney parks located around the world and a short summary of what each park includes: Disneyland Resort This is the first Disney resort and is located in Anaheim, California. It opened in 1955 but has been expanded since and now includes Disneys California Adventure Park, Downtown Disney and luxury hotels such as the Disneyland Hotel, Disneys Grand Californian Hotel and Spa, and Disneys Paradise Pier Hotel. Walt Disney World Resort This resort was Disneys second project in Orlando, Florida and is an expansion of the Magic Kingdom which opened in 1971. Today its theme parks include the original Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disneys Hollywood Studios and Disneys Animal Kingdom. In addition, there are water parks, shopping centers, and a large variety of hotels and resorts at or near this Disney location. Tokyo Disney Resort ï » ¿This was the first Disney resort to open outside of the United States. It opened in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan in 1983 as Tokyo Disneyland. It was expanded in 2001 to include Tokyo DisneySea which features a nautical, underwater theme. Like the U.S. locations, Tokyo Disney has a large shopping center and luxury resort hotels. In addition, the resort is said to have one of the largest parking structures in the world. Disney Paris ï » ¿Disney Paris opened under the name Euro Disney in 1992. It is located in the Paris suburb of Marne-la-Vallà ©e and has two theme parks (Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park), a golf course and many different resort hotels. Disney Paris also has a large shopping center called Disney Village. Hong Kong Disneyland Resort This 320-acre park is located in Pennys Bay on Lantau Island, Hong Kong and opened in 2005. It consists of one theme park and two hotels (Hong Kong Disneyland Hotel and Disneys Hollywood Hotel). The park has plans to expand in the future. Shanghai Disneyland Resort The most recent Disney Park is in Shanghai. It was approved by the government of China in 2009 and is expected to open in 2014. Disney Cruise Line The Disney Cruise Line was developed in 1995. It currently operates two ships- one of which is called Disney Magic and the other is Disney Wonder. They began operating in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Each of these ships travels to the Caribbean and have a port of call at Disneys Castaway Cay Island in the Bahamas. The Disney Cruise Line plans to add two more ships in 2011 and 2012. In addition to the above-mentioned theme parks and resorts, Walt Disneys Parks and Resorts Division has plans to open additional parks in Europe and Asia. It also has plans to expand several existing parks such as the Hong Kong and Paris locations. Source: Wikipedia. (2010, March 17). Walt Disney Parks and Resorts - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Parks_and_Resorts

To Live essays

To Live essays In the movie To Live the main characters in the movie gone through a lot of loses and a lot of suffering. There are many ways to explain why such unfortunate events always happens to them, but look at the big picture, there is one root cause that created all the ripples effect. The one root cause is the time that they live in, the events that were happening at the time, another word, they Communist revolution thats sweeping across China. Even though it seems like they are living a better life when the Communist party took over China, they end up losing their first born daughter and second son because of that. During the movie, when the district director was visiting the elementary school, the mother wanted the son to stay home and sleep because he didnt get much sleep the night before. But according to the father, it would be counter-revolutionary of them to keep their son home when the director is visiting, and because of that, they force their son to go to school even though he is really tired. Later on in the movie, who find out that the son fell asleep behind a wall and the district directors car hit the wall which crushed the son to death. Now if the father didnt have that idea behind his head, that he have to be a good citizen and set a good example, hed let the son stay home, and the son wouldve died. Also when their daughter was pregnant, and she went to the hospital, the family was nervous that all the doctors in the hospital were on teenagers but all the elder doctors were arrested for being counter-revolutionaries. They were out and find one of the professors from the hospital to watch over the operation. During the operation, the young doctors run into a problem that they were too inexperienced for, the older professor couldve saved the daughters life, but he was starved by the red guards and then choked on the buns that the dad gave to him. Their d ...

Ethical Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical - Assignment Example This shows how valuable the managers are in ensuring that the needs of the stakeholders are met, and ensuring the success of the organization. The major conflict that can occur between the shareholder and the manager is agency conflict. When the manager is employed to take responsibility of leading the company, what is created between him and the shareholders is what is referred to as an agency relationship (Wijesekera, hubpages.com). The manager performs many duties, but delegates the authority of making decisions to the shareholder although he may also hold a small percentage of capital shares in the company. The shareholders are much separated from the management; they have little time to monitor the operation of the company, and cannot have an opportunity to fully assess whether the manager is acting in the best interest of the shareholders. Agency conflict occurs when there is conflict of interest between the manager and the shareholder. The shareholder may want to invest on a long term project, while the manager wants to make short term projects. He may be tempted to go on with this plan without necessarily informing the shareholder, because he has the capacity to run the company affairs. Wijesekera informs that the manager may be motivated to award himself and the staff better working terms and conditions (hubpages.com). The issue of managers holding back some information from the shareholders is unethical according to the business code of conduct. Company managers are always on a much better informed position on matters regarding the company than the shareholders, and while they have bigger opportunities to make the company progress with lots of profits and making successful ventures, they also have the chance of making the company fail; this is because they have much information than any other person in the firms (Gayle and Miller 2). A manager therefore stands a chance of deciding what to reveal and what not to. The opportunity granted makes the

Cultural Differences Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cultural Differences - Research Paper Example   According to Royce (1982), there exist differences among all cultures of the world; these differences emanate from the fact that each group has its own norms, belief system, and values. The cultural differences prevalent in most parts of the world mean that people behave in accordance with their culture. Moreover, people tend to hold dear their values, morals, and ways of life. As a result, the traditions of any group of people are held sacred and should be adhered to by the members of the ethnic group. Those who violate the laid down norms may face punishment from the entire society. Therefore, a society may apply some sanctions for undesirable behavior; for example, wrongdoers may be ostracized or alienated from the other members of the society. However, the amount of punishment differs from society to society due to the varying cultural beliefs. Ethnic Identity Ethnic identity is a diverse term which has no universally accepted meaning. However, scholars have advanced the defi nition of ethnic identity to mean the relationship of a person as he or she relates to his or her society. Specifically, ethnic identity refers to a construct that affiliates the individual to the rest of the group. Ethnic identity refers to the view of a person by themselves and others as belonging to a certain group. A person chooses to identify with a group that tends to be available for him or her whenever he or she needs the group or a group, which acknowledges him. For example, a person can choose to affiliate with a group that has the same ethnic heritage (Banks, 1996). According to Banks (1996), in ethnic identity, the affiliation with a group can be in terms of cultural, natal, racial, and symbolic factors. Natal factors can be regarded as the ancestral attributes of a person; for example, the homeland of a person, origin of parents, and the origin of kin. Racial factors entail the use of physical characteristics as well as physiognomic attributes. On the other hand, symbol ic factors refer to the characteristics that tend to be typical of a certain ethnic group. Examples of symbolic factors include clothing, foods, holidays, artifacts, among other attributes shared by a group of persons. Cultural factors involve the behavior patterns exemplified by the group; it may also include the shared values and customs of a group. For most people in the world, ethnic identity forms the basis of national identity; as such, people tend to identify themselves with their ethnic groups. People belonging to the same ethnic group tend to share some attributes which are distinct from other ethnic groups. Moreover, ethnicity signals some form of physical traits, cultural similarities, an enduring descent, and a blood relationship. Apart from these similarities, people belonging to the same ethnic group tend to have some commonalities which include a common language, similar traditions, common religion, and a history that they can share (Royce, 1982). To a large extent, e thnic identity forms the basis for understanding the diverse differences among cultures. People tend to strongly identify with their respective ethnic groups. By belonging to an ethnic group, a person declares a certain ethnic identity and continues to demonstrate acceptable behavior which is characteristic of that group.  Ã‚