A Frugal Life

Thesis: Three extreme types of penny-pinchers are the frequent couponer, the frugal shopper, and the freegan. Do you have more the month left after all your money is gone? For most people shopping is an ingrained and unavoidable way of life. We work, we spend, we trash and we buy again. It's a cycle that seems all but impossible avoid in today’s society. TS: For decades, shoppers clipped coupons from newspaper circulars and magazines Using coupons is one way that the frequent couponer tries to get more for their money.PS:There are many online sites that you can go to and clip and print free coupons. Coupon. com is just one of the many online companies that offer free printable coupons and digital mobile coupons. SSCouponing gradually declined as grocers started loyalty-card programs that compensated repeat shoppers with discounts. But during the recession in the past few years, the number of coupons redeemed rose 27%, from 2. 6 billion to 3. 3 billion in 2008, says Inmar Inc. , a coupon-processing agency. SS:It was estimated by Coupons. om that approximately half of the redeemed coupons in the United States originated from weekly supplements in Sunday papers. PS: Sunday newspapers have traditionally been the dominant distribution method for coupons. It was estimated by Coupons. com that approximately half of the redeemed coupons in the United States originated from weekly supplements in Sunday papers. SS:It is always a good idea to match coupons with a stores sale prices. This way the couponers can get more bang for their buck. SS:The frequent couponers also will go to the stores that double the manufacture coupon up to 50 cents off.Another good practice is to use one coupon multiple times usually up to four items on one coupon. SSSherri Jones of Calvert City, Ky. , says,† I try not to abuse these discounts. Recently, Ms. Jones, 36, took 50-cent coupons for meat seasonings to a number of supermarkets that were doubling the coupons' value. Because t he seasonings were already on sale for $1 each, Ms. Jones got them for nothing. CS:This practice will save a little money at stores. A little here and a little there will add up to big savings over time. TS: Frugal living is a little more intense way of watching where dollars go.PS:A frugal person will never pay retail prices on absolutely anything. They will always shop around for best deals either by looking through clearance bins or by looking through thrift shops. SS:Living a frugal life calls for a lifestyle change and a conscious awareness of spending and saving. Living on a tight budget and listening for â€Å"Old Abe to scream† is not for the faint of heart. SS: Extreme Couponing is a thrilling sport that combines savvy shopping skills with couponing in an attempt to buy to most groceries as possible while spending as little money as possible.PS:Another way the frugal person will save their hard earned money is to make and use homemade products like laundry detergent, and household cleaners. It does require certain know-how to make items for the home. SS:Frugal living is a great way to be easier on the environment by reusing as many things as possible. If someone needed a vase for flowers, which their kids picked from the neighbor’s yard, they could use a glass jar for the vase. SS:It does require certain know-how to make items for the home CS:it hobby time consumingTS:The word freegan is a combination of â€Å"free† — as in it is free because you found it in a dumpster — and â€Å"vegan,† Vegans are people who avoid products from animal sources or products tested on animals. Not all freegans are strict vegetarians. Although some would rather eat found meat; dairy and eggs than let good food and items go to waste. The freegan attempts to spend as little money as possible by scavenging instead of buying products. Freegans rescue furniture, clothes, household items and even food thrown away by others. PS:They rep air what they already own.By fixing what is broken, freegans reduce the need to buy another product. Freegans often darn their socks, or only buy secondhand clothing to reduce the consumerism. They also find brand new clothing behind stores in the trashcans. SS:They often barter their services for an item that they want or need. Just like Jim, who needed a tune-up on his lawnmower and asked the local lawnmower repair shop owner if he could trade mowing the shops grass for a month in return for his tune-up. The shop owner agreed. No money ever exchanged hands. SS:Freegans believe that housing is a right, not a privilege.They are mad that people freeze to death out on the streets while landlords, banks, and cities keep buildings boarded up and vacant. Freegan squatters are people who live in abandoned buildings, rent-free. PS: Freegans or â€Å"dumpster divers† believe that one man’s trash is another man’s treasure. SS:Most freegans practice urban foraging in larg e cities, such as New York City, with its density and wealth, where there is good food and it is plentiful. Freegans look for food in trash bins behind large restaurants, grocery stores, even schools.Dedicated freegans usually establish a routine by going to a set of dumpsters they visit weekly or even daily. Many learn when trash goes out and when dumpsters are unattended SS:Stores throw out large amounts of visually damaged goods like bruised fruit or crushed boxes. They also discard products that have reached their sell-by-date. Although sell-by dates provide a general idea of when food will go bad, they are not safety dates. Trash from grocery stores and restaurants is also different from that of the average residential trash because stores usually bag discarded food separately from other trash.CS: Although freeganism likely has roots in the hobo subculture from the Great Depression. It's not too surprising that people would eventually find a way to forage as a way of personal s ubsistence. Freeganism has spread around the world. They sometimes eat community dinners also known as potlucks made from scavenged food. As long as there is edible food and usable products in the trash, people will be there to pick up the waste. Extreme Couponing is an extreme sport that combines savvy shopping skills with couponing in an attempt to save as much money as possible while accumulating the most groceries.The grocery coupons you need are out there, you just need to connect with people who have them. Here are some Extreme Couponing techniques to help you save money: 1. Clip ALL the coupons from your weekly circulars and Sunday newspaper. It’s always a good policy to clip all coupons because an item may go on sale in the future and you can trade your coupons with other couponers for the ones you do want. 2. Study the weekly supermarket sales and compare this to your coupon inventory. 3. Know your supermarket’s coupon policy: a. Are expired coupons accepted? b. Can you use 10 coupons for 10 of the same items? . Can you stack a manufacturer coupon with a store coupon? d. Are there double and triple coupon days? e. Does your store accept competitor’s coupons? f. How are coupon overages applied to the final bill? These are the most frequently used techniques for reducing a grocery bill significantly and how some shoppers are even entitled to cash! Since supermarket policies are constantly changing, call before you shop and ask the questions above. Make sure you write down the name of the person at the supermarket who gave you the information. 4. The local Sunday newspaper is an excellent source for grocery coupons.Do not pay for electronic coupons. There are many websites that you can clip and print coupons for free. Janis an extreme couponer says that she uses a 3 ring binder with baseball card protector pockets and made dividers for approximately 35 categories. She buys multiple papers and hits up the local recycle bins to look fo r more circulars. She also exchanges with her mother and daughter. Janis said, â€Å"We all don’t use the same products. Therefore, it works well for us to trade coupons. † For decades, shoppers clipped coupons from newspaper circulars, magazines and coupon booklets.Couponing gradually declined as grocers launched loyalty-card programs that rewarded repeat shoppers with discounts. But amid the recession in the past few years, the number of coupons redeemed rose 27%, to 3. 3 billion from 2. 6 billion in 2008, says Inmar Inc. , a coupon-processing agent. The year-over-year percentage increase was the largest since Inmar started tracking the statistic more than 20 years ago. Fueling the increase isn't the general populace but heavy coupon users, people who redeem 104 or more coupons over six months, according to an August report by The Nielsen Co.These users tend to be females under the age of 54 with college degrees and household incomes above $70,000, Nielsen says. Hotc ouponworld. com, which has seen its membership grow to 200,000 from 80,000 in the past year, targets couponers who think â€Å"there's an economic value in buying all your peanut butter for the year in one week in September,† says site founder Julie Parrish, 35, of West Linn, Ore. Two years ago, she bought 50 18-ounce jars of Skippy creamy peanut butter for 17 cents each; last September, she paid 35 cents each. At retail, they cost around $3. 9. Ms. Smith, the Charleston woman whose closet doubles as a pantry, says she disliked grocery shopping until she got laid off last year from her clerical job and, to economize, turned to couponing Web sites. On two recent trips to her local supermarket, she says she paid $5 for $78 worth of items, and $2 for $40 worth of goods. Some supermarkets recently told analysts that shoppers with an eye for discounts were executing these coupons deals with surgical precision. Carrie Petersen of Columbia, Md. , says she tries not to abuse discount s. Recently, Ms.Petersen, 38, took 50-cent coupons for meat seasonings to a number of supermarkets that were doubling the coupons' value. Because the seasonings were already on sale for $1 each, Ms. Petersen got them for nothing. Extreme Couponing is an extreme sport that combines savvy shopping skills with couponing in an attempt to save as much money as possible while accumulating the most groceries. The grocery coupons you need are out there, you just need to connect with people who have them. Here are some Extreme Couponing techniques to help you save money: 5.Clip ALL the coupons from your weekly circulars and Sunday newspaper. It’s always a good policy to clip all coupons because an item may go on sale in the future and you can trade your coupons with other couponers for the ones you do want. 6. Study the weekly supermarket sales and compare this to your coupon inventory. 7. Know your supermarket’s coupon policy: g. Are expired coupons accepted? h. Can you use 10 coupons for 10 of the same items? i. Can you stack a manufacturer coupon with a store coupon? j. Are there double and triple coupon days? . Does your store accept competitor’s coupons? l. How are coupon overages applied to the final bill? These are the most frequently used techniques for reducing a grocery bill significantly and how some shoppers are even entitled to cash! Since supermarket policies are constantly changing, call before you shop and ask the questions above. Make sure you write down the name of the person at the supermarket who gave you the information. 8. The local Sunday newspaper is an excellent source for grocery coupons. Do not pay for electronic coupons.There are many websites that you can clip and print coupons for free. Janis an extreme couponer says that she uses a 3 ring binder with baseball card protector pockets and made dividers for approximately 35 categories. She buys multiple papers and hits up the local recycle bins to look for more circulars. She also exchanges with her mother and daughter. We all don’t use the same products. For decades, shoppers clipped coupons from newspaper circulars, magazines and coupon booklets. Couponing gradually declined as grocers launched loyalty-card programs that rewarded repeat shoppers with discounts.But amid the recession in the past few years, the number of coupons redeemed rose 27%, to 3. 3 billion from 2. 6 billion in 2008, says Inmar Inc. , a coupon-processing agent. The year-over-year percentage increase was the largest since Inmar started tracking the statistic more than 20 years ago. Fueling the increase isn't the general populace but heavy coupon users, people who redeem 104 or more coupons over six months, according to an August report by The Nielsen Co. These users tend to be females under the age of 54 with college degrees and household incomes above $70,000, Nielsen says. Hotcouponworld. om, which has seen its membership grow to 200,000 from 80,000 in the past year, t argets couponers who think â€Å"there's an economic value in buying all your peanut butter for the year in one week in September,† says site founder Julie Parrish, 35, of West Linn, Ore. Two years ago, she bought 50 18-ounce jars of Skippy creamy peanut butter for 17 cents each; last September, she paid 35 cents each. At retail, they cost around $3. 59. Ms. Smith, the Charleston woman whose closet doubles as a pantry, says she disliked grocery shopping until she got laid off last year from her clerical job and, to economize, turned to couponing Web sites.On two recent trips to her local supermarket, she says she paid $5 for $78 worth of items, and $2 for $40 worth of goods. Some supermarkets recently told analysts that shoppers with an eye for discounts were executing these coupons deals with surgical precision. Carrie Petersen of Columbia, Md. , says she tries not to abuse discounts. Recently, Ms. Petersen, 38, took 50-cent coupons for meat seasonings to a number of superma rkets that were doubling the coupons' value. Because the seasonings were already on sale for $1 each, Ms. Petersen got them for nothing.

A critical study on the contributions of sir henry maine

Whereas Savings and his followers invoke history in the name of tradition, custom and nation against the belief n conscious and rational law making, the second movement, which one might call philosophical histories, develops a definite legal philosophy from the evolution of history. L The exponents of the historical school of Jurisprudence take social institution in their sequence with primacy to primitive legal institutions of society. Thus the school does not attach importance to relation of law to the state but gives primacy to the social institutions in which the law develops itself.While the analytical school pre-supposes the existence of a well developed legal system, the historical school concentrates on the evolution of law from the primitive legal institutions of the ancient communities. The task of Historical school is to deal with the general principles governing the origin and development of law and with the influences that affect the law. The 19th century analytical posi tivism pioneered by Austin, Hart and Keelson in England described law as a coercive command issued by the sovereign devoid of moral or cultural values.They regards law as a creation of arbitrary creation whose sanctions are not embedded in its historical past but emanate from the state authority. It treats law as a command of the state which the subjects are bound to obey, the disobedience of which would lead to penal consequences. The revolutionary ideas generated by positivistic legal thinking had a 1 Legal theory by W. Friedman, fifth edition, page no. 209, universal law publishing Co. Ltd. , New Delhi devastating effect as they failed to meet the needs of the people.Consequently, it led to the emergence of new approach to the study of Jurisprudence based on history and historic conception of law. Historical Jurists banished ethical considerations from resurgence and rejected all creative participation of Judge and Jurist or law-giver in the making of law. They propounded the vie w that all universal ideal principles of by historical study. Frederick Pollock, one of the ardent supporters of historical school firmly believed that morals, as such were out of the domain of Judge or Jurist. It is, however, a different matter that even customs immemorial should not be opposed to morality.Vic in ItalyÃ'› Nonentities in France, Burke in England and Hugo and Herder in Germany heralded a new era in the development of legal theory and viewed law as legacy of the past and product of customs, traditions and beliefs prevalent in different communities. The historical Jurists believe that law has biological growth and it has not evolved in an arbitrary and erratic manner. According to Sir Henry Maine, Nonentities (1689-1755) was the first Jurist who adopted historical method of pursuing the study of legal institutions and came to the conclusion that â€Å"laws are the creation of climate and local situations†.He did not probe further into the relationship between law and society but pointed out that law must keep pace with the changing needs of the society. Four Stages of Development of Law The supporters of historical school of Jurisprudence have traced the evolution and development of law through four major stages. They are as follows:l . Divine Law- In the beginning law originated from Themes, which meant the Goddess of Justice. It was generally believed that while pronouncing the Judgments the King was acting under the divine inspiration of goddess of Justice.Themes were the awards pronounced by the Goddess of Justice (Themes) to be executed by the King as a custodian of Justice under the divine inspiration. Thus the King was merely the executor of Judgment of God. The dooms of Anglo-Saxons pertain to this category of segments or commands. 2. Customary Law- Next, the recurring application of Judgments led to uniform, practice which crystallized into customary law to be followed in the primitive societies. The importance of customs as a s ource of law has been underlined by Sir Henry Maine when he observed that ‘custom is to society what law is to state'. . Priestly class as a sole representative of customary law In the next stage of development of law, the authority of the King to enforce and execute law was usurped by the priestly class who claimed themselves to be learned in law as well as religion. The priestly class memorized the rule of customary law cause the art of writing had not developed till then. They applied and enforced the customary law. 4. Codification – The era of codification marks the fourth and perhaps the last stage of development of law.With the discovery of the art of writing, a class of learned men and Jurists came forward to denounce the authority of priests as law- givers. They advocated codification of law to make it accessible and easily knowable. This broke the monopoly of priestly class in matters of administration of law. The ancient Hindu code of Mann, Hebrew Code, Solon' s Attic Code, Twelve Tables in Rome, the codes of Hamburg etc. Re some of the examples of such law codes. Anthropological investigations into the nature of primitive and undeveloped systems of law are of modern origin and might be regarded as a product of the Historical school.Pride of place will here be accorded to Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888), who was the first and still remains the greatest representative of the Historical movement in England. It is not easy to place Amine's contributions to the theory of law. He began his work with mass of material already published on the history and development of Roman law by the German historical school, and he was able to build upon that and also to bring to bear a more balanced view of history than is found in Savings. Maine however went further. He was learned in English, Roman, and Hindu laws and also had the knowledge of Celtic systems.In this respect he parts company with the German historians. Instead of stressing the uniqueness of nat ional institutions, he brought to bear a scientific urge to unify, classify and generalize the evolution of different legal orders. 2 Comparative method of study for the purpose of a project on law was found useful by the scholars of Historical school. The scope for comparative approach to study of law as immensely widened with the advances in legal literacy and exchange of legal knowledge between various countries.To quote an illustration, the 42nd report (1971) of the Law Commission of India on the reforms in the Indian Penal Code drew heavily on the comparative material from several continental countries such as US criminal law and other sources. The material available for comparative study of law may vary in form and include Code, law books, reports of law reform agencies and so son. The jurists made a comparative study of legal institutions of various communities to trace the evolution and development of law. They applied comparative method in the study of law with the object o f enabling the legal philosophers to construct 2 Jurisprudence by R.W. S. Aids, fourth edition, page no. 532,533;Buttonholer & Co. , publishers Ltd. 1976 abstract theories of law or to assist the historian in tracing the origins and developments of legal concepts and institutions. The distinguishing feature of this comparison was that it did not consist of mere description of differences which existed between the concepts, rules, or institutions of the law under examination, but also probed more deeply into the matter with a definite purpose in view. This helped considerably in unification of divergent laws.Thus the supporters of comparative method of law did not believe in mere compilation of information about concepts, rules, etc. But they also tried to analyses the variations in the existing laws within and outside the country in order to reform their legal system. Sir Henry Maine is considered to be the fore-runner of this approach of law. 3 It is Sir Henry Amine's work which st ands out as the most important and fruitful application of comparative legal research to a legal theory inspired by the principles of historical evolution. Approaches to the study of law, and history in particular, which was destined to bear abundant fruit in the years to come. 5 Studies on Jurisprudence and legal theory, by Dry. N. V. Appearance; page no. 39, fifth edition, central law agency publication Legal theory by W. Friedman, fifth edition, page no. 214, Universal law publishing Co. , Ltd. New Delhi 5 Jurisprudence by R. W. S. Aids, fourth edition, page no. 533 SIR HENRY MAINE (1822-1888) Sir Henry James Sumner Maine born on August 15, 1822 at Roxbury in Scotland, took his education in the University of Cambridge and Joined as professor of Civil Law in that University in 1847.While professor of law at the University of Cambridge (1847-1854), Maine also began lecturing on Roman law at the Inns of Court, London. These lectures became the basis of his â€Å"Ancient law: It's c onnection with the Early History of Society, and it's relation to Modern Ideas (1861)†, which influenced both political theory and Anthropology, the latter primarily because of Amine's controversial views on Primitive law. To trace and define his concepts, he drew on Roman law, Western and Eastern European legal systems, Indian law, and Primitive law.Although some of his statements were modified for invalidated later research- Ancient law is noted for its general lack of reference to authorities and its failure to cite supporting evidence for its conclusions- his study helped to place comparative jurisprudence on a sound historical footing. A member of the Council of the Governor General of India (1863-1869), as a successor of Lord Macaulay, Maine was largely responsible for the codification of Indian law. He studied ancient law of India and drew a comparison between the Indian law and the laws of western societies.In 1869 he became the first professor of Comparative Jurisprud ence in the University of Oxford and he occupied the chair till 1877. Thereafter, he held the distinguished post of the Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge until shortly before his death in 1888. Among other works of Maine, his books entitled Village Communities', lectures on the ‘Early history of Institutions' (1875), a sequel to his ancient Law, ‘Dissertation on Early Law and Custom' deserve special mention. Maine was the recipient of remarkable number of honors, medals and distinction. His contributions to historical jurisprudence are so great that he is labeled as ‘Social Darwinist' for he envisaged a social order wherein the individual is finally liberated from the feudalistic primitive Onondaga. Amine's Views on Development of Law One peculiar feature of historical method in the context of study of law is that it is not confined to pure law. Even though the material directly under study may be legal, the factual material that comes to light may transcend the ex clusive legal field. It is so, because social and legal factors cannot always be reduced to water tight compartments.Any appraisal of the precise reason for a particular law necessitates special attention to the effect of relevant social, physical, demographic and ideological variables. This view finds supports in the writings of Sir Henry Maine who lived that historical research served as a useful tool to make the present more understandable. Sir Henry Maine, through his comparative researches came to a conclusion that the development of law and other social institutions has been more or less an identical pattern in almost all the ancient societies belonging to Hindu, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Hebrew and Germanic communities.Most of these communities are founded on patriarchal pattern wherein the eldest male parent called Pater familial dominated the entire family including all its male and female members, children and slaves as also the property. The word of the Pater familial was law t o them, which they were supposed to follow. There were, however, some communities which followed matriarchal pattern in which the eldest female of the family was the central authority to manage all the affairs of the family.It is because of his kinship, namely bold relationship with the family that a person acquired status. Thus the law of person was to be determined on the basis of his status. In ancient societies, the slave, servant, ward, wife, citizen etc. All symbolized statuses which the law recognized in the interest of the community. According to Maine, Pater-familiar constituted the lowest unit of primitive communities. A few families taken together formed the Family-Group which consisted of union of families.An aggregation of families constituted Gene which in turn led to the formation of tribes. A collection of tribes formed the community which Maine termed as commonwealth. It was in this manner that the early primitive societies evolved, their relation being regulated by the law of status which was also called as law of persons. Obviously, the individual member of the family had no individual existence than his status as a son, wife, servant etc. s the case may be. Similarly, servants and slaves had no rights in the early law.LaWs Development through Legal Equity and According to Henry Maine, when a primitive law is embodied in a Code, there is an end o its spontaneous development and such communities are static societies. Therefore, if certain changes are desired in the law, they have to be effected deliberately with the conscious desire of development. The societies which continue development of law in this manner are called progressive societies by Maine. There are three methods by which the progressive societies develop their laws. They are (1) Legal Fictions, (2) equity, and (3) Legislation. 1 .Legal Fictions – Legal Fictions change the law according to the changing needs of the society without, however, making change in the letter of l aw, Maine defines ‘legal fiction' as â€Å"any assumption conceals or effects to conceal the fact that a rule of law has undergone alteration, its letter remaining unchanged, its operation being modified†. According to Sir Henry Maine, fiction is a device to extend new rules to old situations, to new circumstances with a minimum of intellectual effect. In his opinion, a legal fiction is a very useful agency of development of law to suit intricate and nutty situations.A legal fiction pre-supposes certain assumptions made on the basis of which the law assumes certain things to exist which do not exist in reality and thus adopts itself to new circumstances. 2. Equity – Equity consists of those principles which appeal to the conscience of human being. These principles were invoked to remove the defects existing in the common law in England. The rigidity of common laws Judges forced people to approach the King for Justice. The King entrusted the task of administration of Justice to the Chancellor who was also the head of the Exchequer.Though not learned in law, the Chancellor helped in the administration of civil Justice through principles of justice, equity and good conscience. In Rome, similar functions were performed by Praetor who tried to remedy the deficiencies in the existing civil law. Thus Henry Maine defines Equity as, â€Å"a body of rules existing side by side of the original common law, founded on distinct principles and claiming incidentally to supersede the common law by virtue of a superior sanctity inherent in those principles†.In course of time, equity became a system of law which reached maturity and impoliteness and finally the Judicature Act, 1873 amalgamated the common law courts and the chancery courts (I. E. Equity courts) in the High Court of Justice and it was provided that in case of conflict or variance between the law of equity and the common law, the rules of equity were to prevail. The property legislation o f 1925 in England cause Equity to go a second transformation as it brought about a complete fusion of the systems of common law and equity into one integrated system of law.The origin of Equity law can be traced back to the 13th century when traditional hat time suffered from three main defects, namely, (1) absence of remedy in certain cases; (2) inadequacy of remedy; and (3) excessive formalism. These defects were sought to be removed by three Jurisdiction by equity law namely, (1) Exclusive Jurisdiction, (2) Concurrent Jurisdiction, and (3) Auxiliary Jurisdiction of equity. The origin of the concept of trust, appointment of receiver to administer property of the deceased etc. Ell under exclusive Jurisdiction which provided relief to divorced women and protected the rights of inheritance of the children of the deceased person for which there was no remedy available under the common law. The remedies of the specific performance of contract, injunction etc. Came under the concurrent Jurisdiction of equity law which provided relief in matters where, a relief though available under common law, was inadequate. The examination of witnesses on commission set off (I. E. Settling different claims of same parties to litigation in a single suit) etc. Re some of the instances of auxiliary jurisdiction of equity which sought to mitigate the rigors and rigidity of common law due to complexity of procedure. Thus it is evidently clear that equity came to supplement the common law and not to supersede it. 3. Legislation – Legislation is the most effective method of law-making. It is considered to be the most systematic and direct method of introducing reforms through new laws. The power of the legislature to make laws has been widely accepted by the courts and the people all over the world.Legislation is the most powerful instrument of legal reform, and so great is its superiority over other methods of evolution of law that the tendency of 1 1 advancing civilization is to acknowledge its exclusive claim, and to discard the other sources as relics of infancy of law. 7 Movement of Progressive Societies from Status to Contract With the march of time the institution of Pater-families withered away and now rights and obligations were dependent on individual contracts and free negotiations between persons.This led to disintegration of the family system and emergence of contractual relation between individuals. In other words, now the individual could take final decisions himself without depending on the head man of the family. The Banishment doctrine of Individual freedom freed slaves from the bondage of their master and now they could have rights and obligations like any other person. Thus emerged a free society with freedom of individual in various spheres of life.The freedom of individual in economic field has been called as doctrine of laissez fairer which struck a blow to the notion of status as the basis of law. These changes in the pattern of so cieties led Sir Henry Maine to conclude that ‘movement of progressive societies has hitherto been from status to contract'. In India also emancipation of women from the domination f males, freedom available to individuals in social, economic, and political spheres of life, improvement on the condition of labor and workers etc. Evinces that there has been a shift of emphasis from status to contract in modern times.The transformation of English as well as Indian society from feudalistic pattern of individualistic set up, has brought in its wake a radical change in the status of servants, agricultural workers etc. The incapacitates of Hindus in codification of Hindu personal laws in 1955-56. 8 Reversal of Trend from contract to status It must, however, be stated that with the advance of time and due the impact of industrialization, arbitration and modernization, new problems of poverty, unemployment, hunger, ignorance, disease etc. , have cropped 7 Studies in Jurisprudence and le gal theory by Dry. N. V. Appearance, page no. 0 to 44, fifth edition, central law agency publication In modified Hindu law Kart of the family who was the eldest male member of the family, dominated his authority but the codification of Hindu law has done away with the discrimination, inequality and subjugation of women liberating them from the domination of men. The new concepts of liberty, equality, freedom and individualism symbolize movement of progressive Indian society from status to contact. Up giving rise to inequality between individuals and group within society. Consequently, there came a counter current of reversal from contract to status in the life time of Maine himself.It was realized that the idea of freedom of contract between powerful capitalist and starving labor class led to catastrophic consequences resulting in exploitation of workers. This led to the emergence of Trade Unionism. The workers now formed their associations and instead of individual freedom of barga ining their wages and facilities, their Trade Unions had the power of group bargaining. That apart, several labor welfare legislation such as the Minimum Wages Act, Factories Act, Trade Unions Act, Workmen's Compensation Act, Employees Liability Act, Industrial Disputes Act, Payment of Bonus Act, Bonded Labor (abolition)Act, Contract Labor (Regulation) Act, etc. Have been enacted to improve the service conditions and bargaining capacity of workers in order to free them from the unscrupulous industrialists and capitalists. With the increasing role of the state in a welfare state, it has assumed the functions of a regulator to secure a social order based on Justice, equality, liberty and fraternity. These progressive welfare measures have forced upon the individual worker a new kind of status where he does not bargain individually but does so collectively through associations or unions.Commenting on this reversal from interact to status, the Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court in P arka's cotton mill Ltd. V. State of Bombay, interracial remarked: â€Å"We must not forget that we are no longer living in the age of laissez fairer and the relation between employer and employees are no longer solely governed by the principles of contract. Contractual rights and liabilities are now subject to the principles of industrial law and also principles of social Justice. † With the changing role of the states, its functions have also radically changed. Now there is greater interference of the state in the individual's activities. Even the

Personal Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Ethics - Essay Example It should also be noted that what a society may consider morally upright might not apply to other societies. This means that personal morality may vary from one society to another. In addition, an individual may go against the society ethical norms and embrace different values depending on his or her conscience and judgment (Howard & Korver, 2008). My personal code of ethics is developed from ethical relativism, which points out that what a society believes in will influence the other person either positively or negatively. In this case, individuals in most cases are influenced by society to make choices for themselves, which in the end may assist in shaping their personal ethical values. The developmental theory coming into play is the learning theory. According to this model, learning ethics values and behaviors takes place through the process of reinforcement and association. Human ethics are shaped by ones society and they define how one is going to apply them in real life situat ions. During my childhood, my society used to frown on me when I engaged in dishonest activities and so through positive reinforcement, honesty became one of my ethical values. My society shaped me positively by enabling me to learn virtue ethics (Howard & Kover,2008). The Ethical system that shapes my codes of ethics is the ethics of virtue. Basing on ethical relativism where the society shapes ones behaviors and ethical standards either positively or negatively, my society instilled virtues ethics in me as I value doing what is right basing on values that are upheld by virtue ethics. The main values that ethics of virtue has promoted include integrity, humility, honesty, respect, being responsible, trust, being principled and trust. Most of these virtues are engrained in almost every society and they form the basis of morality in the world. Upholding positive values that are promoted by ethics of virtue enhance positive human interaction, promote fairness and justice, and enabled one to appreciate and respect the society and other people. In addition, virtue is essential in minimizing perceived immoralities such as crime, child prostitution, war and other social evils. As a woman, upholding my virtuous codes of ethics has been instrumental in my positive behaviors especially when dealing with my family members, children and the society in general. As a woman, my caring, gentle and good behaviors can be attributed to the virtues that I uphold and the social norms that I was subjected to by my society (Kowalski,2012). When applying the ethical codes, I have faced a number of dilemmas, some of which threatened the basic tenets of my beliefs and moral behaviors. One of dilemma is how to handle a situation that requires sound judgment such as a criminal case involving murder. This situation requires fairness and justice without pity or mercy but according to my codes of ethics, humility and mercy are some of the major values that dictate my codes of ethics. I alw ays manage this dilemma by applying the value of principle where I make my decision basing on what I feel is right for a given situation without being dictated by other ethical values that the society may have instilled in me. Further, in solving ethical dilemmas, I consider the environment of a given situation before making any judgment. For example, if a problem occurs between family members, I use the value of

Etihad airways Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Etihad airways - Essay Example The company has essentially covered a wider market within the short period of time. Etihad Airways has effective marketing mixing strategies that comprise of short-term policies and the long term objectives. The company’s short term strategies are increasing costs while increasing yield as well as maintaining customer value throughout and starting a status quo development of providing luxury at the least cost. Long term strategies are aimed at increasing profits by more than 5-10%, increasing customer value by 8-10% by the end of 2015 and increasing the number of staffs by 15% as well as increasing inbound holidays to Abu Dhabi by 2030. Etihad Airways segregates its services in Etihad Diamond first class and Etihad pearl Business class which is integrated with actual staff provision and the multi-cuisine availability on board. The augmentation and differentiation of the services provided by the airline company gives it maximum competitive advantage over other competitors such as Emirates Airlines, Air Arabia, Fly Dubai, and Qatar airways (Travel and Tourism News Middle East 2013, n.p). Etihad Airways has an advantage in Abu Dhabi since it is the center of tourism attraction and therefore the company has chauffer service in Abu Dhabi airport and many other airports for the first class and business class passengers. The company also uses another marketing strategy of providing 24 hour departure facilities which is different from other companies and an early hour arrival which is only unique and identifiable with the company. Furthermore, the company uses market penetration pricing strategy that is intended to increase its market share through delivering same services at same price as compared to other competitors. The company has well trained staffs which gives it high prospects particularly in its luxurious segments which made it notch very high in customer benchmarking. The company has had bundled pricing efforts

Developing and Managing Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing and Managing Performance - Essay Example Time management is essential in conducting performance appraisals; furthermore, managers require professional development both to personal and staff levels. Organizational skills are essential in recording employee skills and responsibilities; whiles interacting with employees regularly and providing feedback aids employee development which is an essential part workforce management. Moreover, regular communication between departmental managers and executive leaderships is essential. Ensuring that executive leadership is knowledgeable is a good business practice that enables the executive team to execute wise decisions for the business. Question 2 Before the module I was aware of the different employee management skills such as planning and setting work expectations, constant performance monitoring and developing performance capacity. As well, I was informed of the skill necessary for performing periodic rating of performance in summary form and the skill for rewarding good performanc e. I was conscious that planning involves employees in order to aid them apprehend the goals of an organization, in addition to understanding what has to be done, why it has to be done and the best way it can be done. Moreover, I knew that monitoring involves continuous measurement of performance and offering feedback to employees on the progress toward achieving their goals. I was also cognizant that developing involves increasing the capability to perform by training, giving assignments in order to introduce fresh skills and improving work process. Moreover, I understood that rating includes a summary of employee performance by assessing employee performance alongside standards and elements within the employee’s performance plan. Finally, I was aware that rewarding means distinguishing an employee for his or her performance that contributes to the company’s mission. Question 3 In the module I have learned that time management not only plays an essential role in perso nal live but also in organizations and learned that an essential aspect in time management is planning. Effective planning allocates time to each activity beginning with high priority jobs which have to be done before the other jobs, and the other aspect of time management that I studied was setting goals and objectives. Therefore, without goals, an organization can easily lose its mission; however, the set objectives need to be rational and feasible. Moreover, setting deadlines is another of time management I learned in the tutorial, since setting deadlines ensures that one strives to complete a task before the deadline. As I explored, for effective time management an individual has to be organised, ensured in not misusing time and focussed. Moreover, in the tutorial I learned that effective communication is essential since managers express ideas clearly, which enable employees to understand what is required of them; thus, subordinates perform their tasks correspondingly. Additiona lly, I came to understand an excellent way of managing performance and maintaining positive approach toward communication that ensures understanding between a supervisor and an employee, resulting in an effective workplace. Valuable communication provides clear understanding on what is necessary from employees. Within organizations, effective communication guarantees massive performance from staff; thus, boosting customer

Analysing Edgar Allan Poe's Short Stories The Black Cat and The Research Paper

Analysing Edgar Allan Poe's Short Stories The Black Cat and The Tell-Tale Heart - Research Paper Example African American girls and women also suffered or were exposed to various forms of racism, causing them to exhibit different reactions. This inferior image of African American women also got reflected in the fictional works as well. Most times authors in their fictional works will write what they have seen, heard, felt and lived. Those writers without fictionalizing will provide those aspects as a form of autobiography. American woman author Anne Moody wrote about the racism that happened in her life in the form of autobiography titled, Coming of age in Mississippi. So, this paper will discuss how Anne Moody in the book offers several moments and descriptions of how she learned about the meanings of race, and how she became aware of the racial differences that existed, and finally how she responded to those racial actions and differences. Anne Moody, although was born to parents who belonged to the same race, was exposed to racism because of the period and area, she lived in. Born in 1940 as Essie Mae, Moody (changed her name and) grew up in Wilkerson County, a rural county which was manifested with poverty and racism by the White population against the African Americans. Exposure to racism and different sides of racial relations from a young age itself made Moody aware of this issue, causing her to exhibit different emotions. ... Although, she was a small girl, she was intimidated and treated in a harsh manner in the household. This incident is her early exposure to racism and importantly made her award about the social hierarchy. With her biological father deserting, her step-father also proving out to be incompetent and also with her mother delivering babies quite often, Ann Moody had to take the responsibility of earning for the family. â€Å"Things seemed to get harder. Mama was always having another baby.† (). So, she worked at the White household in a suppressing environment for many hours in a day after her school timings and continuously during weekends. Along with her mother, who worked in various odd jobs offered by enterprises owned by the White population, Moody had to work in dominating White households. Doing such jobs based on race was quite demeaning and oppressing to the African population, and it was felt by Anne Moody as well. That is, as Moody worked in a suppressing white household , she understood the position of their population vis-a-vis the white population in the social hierarchy. â€Å"that not only were they better than me because they were white, but everything they owned and everything connected to them was better than hat was available to me.† (Moody 38). Anne started experiencing racism when she went to the high school, thereby experiencing different meanings of race and racial differences that existed. In the school, she became ‘racially aware’, as she was prejudiced by the White students. The one even, which disturbed her and made her understood the extreme side of racism is the murder of Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old black boy. Hill was visiting Mississippi from Chicago, when he was lynched to

Why does 'Capturing the Friedmans' divide audiences so often Is this Essay

Why does 'Capturing the Friedmans' divide audiences so often Is this the result of its subject matter or how the film presents its material - Essay Example It is a fact to state that the material of the movie is the major cause for the division of the audience. There may be slight connection to the subject matter but if the documentary had revealed the facts in accord with truth without tempering with it than the audience may have not been divided themselves in to two different perspectives (Leadership Council, 2002). However, before the paper matures in to an argument it is essential to be familiar with all details of the case. The following paper is weaved using authentic websites, documents, books, and journal articles in order to present an argument which is solid in its essence and is impressionable. However, the use of websites is in excess in order to gain insight into the minds of its audience, who holds a conflicting view either with the documentary or a conflict of view among themselves. The conflict in my opinion after extensive research, occurs due to the material of the documentary, otherwise the case stands clear (Richard Webster, 2004). From today, 25 years ago the police officials came to the doorstep of the Friedmans to arrest Arnold Friedman for sexually abusing children. Arnold was soon exposed to the charges that were levied on him due to rapping dozens of boys inside his house form his computer class that he conducted at home. Although, the police was able to find the pornographic magazines there were no other such as physical evidence, found that would stand as a solid proof of the crimes that Arnold was convicted. Moreover, the movie did not show that there were any complaints before Arnold was convicted with the crime (Leadership Council, 2002). Before the giving a verdict it is imperative to take in to consideration the way the truth was moulded and fashioned and also to consider the arguments presented by the director in order to provide a statement to the critics. It is

Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education - Case Study Example fled Athens to the country side to escape his persecutors, saying that he would not allow â€Å"Athenians to sin a second time against philosophy,† referring to the cruelty imparted to Socrates earlier? (Davidson, 2005, pp.159). 16. Who was the ancient Greek philosopher who added drawing to the educational curriculum of Greek society which had until then only three components, literacy, music and gymnastics? (Mahaffy, 2010, pp.52-53) 19. Which ancient Greek scholar prescribed ‘Dorian’ as the most appropriate scale for teaching music as part of education and said that flutes should not be used in teaching the same? (Plato et.al., 1996, pp.49) 24. In which ancient Greek state could we find a home that â€Å"enjoyed the greatest honour and sanctity and the house-mother stood highest in reverence and social importance, and where violations of fidelity were rarest†? (Mahaffy, 2010, pp.121) 32. In which country of ancient Greece, was the education of a woman thought totally unnecessary and â€Å"to see, hear and say as little as possible† was considered as the foremost virtue of a woman? (Powell, 2001, pp.352). 41. Which was the ancient Greek state which kept role of family and state in the area of education, strictly apart, fearing that any merger would hamper the freedom of the individual? (Davidson, 2005,

Different essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Different essays - Essay Example stently met; and providing subtle but regular enhancement in the quality of an item or service, so that there are lesser and lesser flaws on delivery. The particulars of how each of these terms is interpreted are specific to the industry or business in question. Risk management, on the other hand, is the process of identifying, assessing and peritonising the risks to efficient functioning within a system. The essence of risk management is improvement in the value of the end result by being flexible yet systematic; transparent and inclusive of all factors and circumstances; integral to the analytical process, but able to provide solutions specific enough to the given problem. Possible the most important factor is that it should be able to evolve continuously to meet changing needs. While both processes – Quality management and Risk management are essential for ensuring smooth operations, and thus have a number of overlaps in their core principles; they ad differ on one significant account. Quality Management focuses on the end result and the extent to which error may be avoided in the deliverables; while risk management focuses on the extent to which already occurred errors may be rectified and repeat ion be avoided. Cianfrani, C.A., West, J. E. (2009).  Cracking the Case of ISO 9001:2008 for Service: A Simple Guide to Implementing Quality Management to Service Organizations (2nd Ed.). Milwaukee: American Society for Quality. pp.  5-7 Continuous quality improvement (CQI) is embedded in patient safety-the ability to learn from mistakes and take actions to prevent the mistakes from re-occurring. Identify and explain how principles of CQI reduce the risk of harmful medical injuries. Tindill and Stewart (1993) have defined CQI as â€Å"A comprehensive management philosophy that focuses on continuous improvement by applying scientific methods to gain knowledge and control over variation in work processes†. Baker (1997) gives the steps to using CQI. The first step

Domestic violence as it relates to pregnacy (Option 2) Research Paper - 1

Domestic violence as it relates to pregnacy (Option 2) - Research Paper Example er gives an outline as tohow nurses may offer special treatments to such women.After being attacked, victims are at peak of their physical and mental disturbance and that’s when they need the some serious support. Nurses can be of great help to suchwomen as they usually know how to take care of patients during sensitive situations like these.Such women need not only medical treatment but psychological guidance as well. Many lives are affected by domestic violence. It is one of the main issues of the rapidly growing world. Although many victims do survive, some of them are not strong enough and usually succumb to the fear and trauma of the incident. In most of the cases, it is the silence of the victim that gives the abuser an authority over them. I got my firsthand experience with a rape victim while I was serving as a junior nurse in the hospital nearby. I was treating a regular patient when I heard a sharp painful voice coming from the hospital’s lobby. Wanting to know what’s going on, I rushed to the lobby and saw a teenage girl being moved on a stretcher to the emergency. Just as I reached nearby to ask what had happened to her, she was rushed into the emergency ward for urgent treatment of her wounds. I still remember that day very correctly. She was inside the emergency room for around two hours and throughout she would keep on shouting at the top of her voice. As soon as the doctor came out from the emergency theatre, I inquired from him what had happened. He didn’t give me many details owing to the critical nature of the case but he just said that the girl’s pregnant and got raped in this situation. Being a woman myself, I got shocked like something had happened to my own self. Soon after, I was assigned to take care of that same patient. When I first went in the room I remember she was still trembling in pain and saying something to her own self. When I went close by I heard her saying â€Å"why me, why me?†. I went close to her and told her

Life-Based Leadership Principles from Jack Welch Essay Example for Free

Life-Based Leadership Principles from Jack Welch Essay During the hundreds of millions of years of natural evolution on this planet, survival has always been a continuous challenge for living creatures. It has recently to come into light that in the past four million years, there have been scores of human species on the earth, besides us homo sapiens. However, all of these various human-like beings including the Neanderthal man perished in the course of evolution; we humans have outlived all of them. We have emerged as the true survivors. We are the last â€Å"man† standing. However, in the whole history of the world, survival could have never been as tough as it is in today’s world of big business. It is an ever-changing, dizzingly fast-paced, intensely competitive and danger-saturated environment out there. There are many survivors and many winners in this arena, of course. Of all such exceptional people in the recent decades, there is one man who stands out as a celebrated icon of leadership and business success. And it is none other than Jack Welch of GE, arguably the finest CEO in the latter half of the twentieth century. Speaking from a broad perspective, he is not just an exemplary business leader, but a hero, a survivor, a symbol of the triumph of man. Jack Welch is a man who believed that each individual should control his or her own destiny. Welch sums up his conviction thus: â€Å"Today, I see winning as people defining their objectives and fulfilling them, not being a victim. You define where you want to go, and then you go for it ([emailprotected]) And from the depth of this belief perhaps sprang the secret of his greatness. Starting from the early Eighties, Jack Welch, CEO of the General Electric Corporation, has led his company through one of the most revolutionary and far-reaching changes ever witnessed in modern business history. Having taken GE with a market capitalization of about $12 billion, Jack Welch turned it into one of the largest and most admired companies in the world, with a market value of about $500 billion, when he stepped down as its CEO 20 years later, in 2000. Although Jack Welch was the legendary leader of a global manufacturing giant noted for its technological might and superiority, he has utilized a very human process to drive change through GEs vast organization. He honoured the individual above all, and the humanity of the individual. To him, the individual was the pivotal force in bringing about organizational change. And for the major part of his immensely successful career at the helm of GE he relentlessly embraced change. It was change that made GE businesses leaders in their markets, added profitable, productive businesses to GEs family, and tapped the brains of knowledgeable employees. Welch worked for change, and change worked for him. Jack Welch of course knew how difficult change could be. Nevertheless he viewed change as his only real chance to transform GE into the kind of top-notch competitive enterprise that he wanted it to be. Only through continuously undergoing massive changes, GE could win, and Jack Welch firmly believed in winning. He wanted to be a winner. And winners were not afraid to make changes. However, pursuit of change, empowerment of individuals, and such principles are only part of a broder human-centric principles of successful leadership in which Jack Welch passionately believed in. Welch’s original approach to management and leadership, which proved so successful in transforming GE could be summed up unders six heads: Control your destiny, or someone else will. Welchs first maxim became the title of a semi-autobiographic bestseller that described the revolution at GE. The basic approach that Welch followed to carry out a dramatic revolution at GE was to trust the individual and let him or her believe in their own desitiny. Welsh believed in delegating authority freely, fairly and responsibly, within the company. In a general context, however, while no mere human being can have absolute control over his or her destiny, the point is to take total personal responsibility for one’s own life and actions, and assume intelligent control of the course of things. 2. Face reality as it is, not as it was or as you wish it were. Facing reality is tough. Facing reality means looking directly into suffering, failure, inadequacy of ourselves, others, and the world, something which we human beings are programmed to avoid. When corporations do not face simple realities, however, such as their products costing more to produce and being worthless than those of their competitors, market share and profits drop, the company and its employees suffer. Welch saw all these things happening at GE. Only when we are ready to honestly examine ourselves and acknowledge our shortcomings, will we be able to do anything about them. Acceptance can lead to transformation. 3. Be candid with everyone. Traditional wisdom says that honesty is the best policy. This home-spun truth has great relevance in today’s hyper-modern corporate settings. Welch strove to create an atmosphere at GE where people could effortlessly speak up to somebody in authority, who could then do something about their problems. It is an atmosphere, it is in the air of GE. Welch himself regularly spoke with front-line employees on the plant floor. Welch was equally open to hear both the good and bad things about GE. Honesty, sincerity and candor: they have their own rewards. In a bureaucracy, people are afraid to speak out. This type of environment slows you down, and it doesnt improve the workplace, says Jack Welch. He therefore calls for promoting a corporate culture that appreciates and rewards honest feedback. You reinforce the behaviors that you reward. If you reward candor, youll get it. 4. Dont manage, lead. Welch abhorred a strictly hierarchical type of management built on the concept of control. To Welch, managers should become leaders who show the way to other people by inpsiring and motivating them. Instead of controlling and exploiting workers, leaders should liberate and empower them. Do not push and pull your employees at every opportunity, gently guide them towards greater possibility. Welch’s leadership philosophy continues to be very simple: empower others, ask questions, tap into the potential of all of your associates, choose integrity and candor over charts, graphs, and politics, and spend more time in action instead of planning and posturing budgets. 5. Change before you have to. That is to say, proactivity. One has to be able to look ahead and predict changes that future is going to necessitate. In the context of a business organization, it is far better to change early those things in a company that need to be changed to stay competitive, when there is still plenty of time, rather than forcibly having to change them later when an adverse reality in form of failure and loss thrusts itself in the face of the organization. Welch was fond of yelling across the table at meetings, Change, before its too late! 6. If you dont have a competitive advantage, dont compete. Welch often quoted his business maxim that every division at GE had to be number one or number two or get out of that specific business. In the 1980s, Welch was convinced that inflation would soon become rampant thereby slowing down economic growth. The elimination of the old-line businesses was not going to be an easy job in terms of loss of jobs and lowering of morale that it implied. But Welch had to do what he had to do. The Number 1 or number 2 philosophy – as ruthless as it sounds – had been critical for GE to grow and survive in the modern world.

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay Example for Free

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay 1. How do you  explain the Mariner’s killing of the albatross? I would describe the Mariner’s killing of the albatross as very ungrateful. If the albatross had not come along, the entire crew would have most likely died in the ice field. The Mariner was completely senseless in shooting the albatross; therefore, of course there was going to be very bad consequences. The consequences tend to be even worse than death at some points. The albatross did the Mariner and his crew a favor, by saving their lives, and the Mariner ungratefully shoots and kills his own savior. The lonely sailors treat the albatross like a person, a â€Å"Christian soul.† In Christian symbolism, Christ is sometimes metaphorically compared to a bird; hence, the albatross can be a symbol for Christ. Since the Mariner senselessly shot the albatross, he was persecuted, which is why the rest of his trip did not go very well. The poem describes the bird as a holy thing â€Å"hailed in God’s name.† The Mariner is like the Christian who commits sins, causing Christ to die on the cross. It’s God’s rules that Man should respect all of His creations; the albatross is part of God’s creations. In respecting the albatross, the Mariner would be respecting God himself. Furthermore, if the Mariner decided to respect God, and his creations, he may have had a better remainder of a trip. 2. One literary critic has said that the poem begins in despair and ends in hope. Telling the tale leaves the Mariner â€Å"free† for a time. Another critic has called the Mariner â€Å"the voice of experience that transcends what man can learn in space and time.† Discuss the validity of these ideas in relation to the poem as you understand it. Lastly, connect the theme of redemption to another literary work we have studied. 3. The idea of one’s life beginning in despair and ending in hope reflects the idea of redemption. The mariner begins the poem in despair and guilt after he has killed the sacred albatross. The guilt is present in both the natural and the super natural world and is clearly depicted in the albatross that hung around his neck. It is not until the mariner appreciates both nature and prayer that he has found the road to redemption. The mariner is condemned to a life in death situation placing him in a different world than everyone else. He teaches us through space and time in his new form of living. He learns from his sins and searches for the path of redemption. The Christian allegory shows the bridge between the idea of fate being chosen for you and the ability to redirect fate. Like in The Scarlett Letter, Hester Prynn was searching for redemption from the sin she committed. She was forced into another world in which no one could quite understand. She had to overcome the judgments of another society and achieve her redemption in which she found in the natural world, her house in the woods, and the supernatural world, he redemption with God. 4. One scholar believes the Wedding Guest is chosen because he represents â€Å"unsophisticated innocence preoccupied with pleasures of the moment in a universe of whose full dimensions and population he is quite ignorant.† As a result of hearing the Mariner’s tale, the Wedding Guest changes, becoming â€Å"a sadder and wiser man.† Of what has he been forlorn (deprived)? Address this criticism in light of your understanding of Coleridge’s narrative. I believe that the Wedding Guest becomes, in a sense, under the possession of the Mariner. The wedding-guest sat on a stone,/He cannot choose but hear;/And thus spake on that ancient man,/The bright-eyed mariner (Rime 1.17-20). The Mariner even refers to the guest as immature when he says that he â€Å"listens like a three years child.† After the Mariner’s story comes to an end, it is affirmed that the Wedding Guest has taken in knowledge that dramatically changes him as a human. He went like one that hath been stunned/And is of sense forlorn:/A sadder and a wiser man,/He rose the morrow morn (Rime 7.622-625). I believe that the Wedding Guest is the type of person who tends to take everything in his life for granted; hence, he wanted a change in his routine life. This story was one of the many instances that changed a person. I definitely see this as a point of reflection in his life, of what his life used to be. It can also be seen as a prevention to change his way of thinking before it becomes much too late.

Differences of Truth in Mathematics, Ethics and Art

Differences of Truth in Mathematics, Ethics and Art The rational minds profound and abstract speculations since time immemorial has been the nature of truth, a deeply rooted philosophical conundrum[1], whose thought itself has revolutionized the realistic value possessed by the areas of knowledge. Truth itself preoccupies a substantial role in our daily conversations, but its multi-dimensional nature has perplexed even the most profound thinkers like Plato and Aristotle as well as recent philosophers who have failed in uncovering this mystery lying at the heart of human culture. Although the word truth is tagged with the purpose of a utilitarian role, we humans mould it into a form recognized by the conceptual framework of our human mind, otherwise known as a schema. Hence the question of the value of truth involved in any statement is believed to be a consequence of the social constructivism based on beliefs and our rearing. Over the past years, truth has been dealt with individually in terms of its approach towards an array of knowl edge areas. The extent is an underpinning of the diverse perspectives that truth holds in a variety of areas of knowledge. Thus, it indicates not only a difference in the form of truth but also a similarity involved in deciphering the existence of truth. My essay ventures to explain the extent to which truth has been given varied significance in three distinct areas of knowledge; mathematics, arts and ethics in terms of the characteristics which define them. Since the abstract nature of truth has posed to be a universal dilemma, various theories have been formulated to gauge the truth value of any statement. Mathematics is often considered the language of certainty[2]and well-known for its infallibility and abstract thought. What makes mathematicians and philosophers believe that mathematics is closest to the absolute truth is its logical structure of methodology and judgments, and its influence on solvability to achieve an absolutely correct or incorrect answer. The mathematical truth is bound by certain rules and barriers which encompass this area of knowledge, hence a more constrained approach built on pure logic, and deductive-reasoning influences the truth involved in a mathematical stand-point. In mathematics a statement must be true or false is a clichà ©d saying and reflects the overall understanding which defines the outcome. Most mathematicians agree the fact that the set theory forms the firm foundation upon which the complex structure of math has been erected. But what intrigues these mathematicians is that can such an abstract area have any real life applications? A glimpse into the history of mathematics would surely assert the above question. For example, a number of theories in the past were thought to be a mere theoretical phenomenon but today behold a firm position in the real world. The Non-Euclidian Geometry was first considered as an idealistic branch of mathematics, but today has carved its way into the theories of relativity. In the present global situation, the population of the world has crossed the six billion mark and threatens to exponentially make its way up through the population charts. For example in China, in order to curb the population rush in the country, the government has pressed upon having one baby per family. From the mathematical view-point, the objective truth lies in the fact that in order to restore the habitat around us it is vital to take such a step in the interest o f the future generations. From the ethical stance, their version of truth is completely antipodal because the basis of a truth-value in this statement is a reflection of ones emotional self rather than a projection of a logical mind. In ethics, hence, an argument is a rhetoric affair where people need to be persuaded what I believe rather than proving the trueness involved in my proposition. I feel that my observation into this example is a projection of the extent to which one event holds a different stance from the spectacle of the truth value supporting the claim. What defines a stark line of difference between math and ethics as deciphered from the above example is the conflicting nature of moral opinions and that there are no observable facts to base the truth value on in an ethical viewpoint. The difference in moral opinions amongst people may be lead by the cognitive apparatus of the individual. Since ethics is considered to be a matter of personal concern, influenced by prev ious knowledge and experiences of the individual, the moral differences would explain that in ethics, there is no underlying truth to be discovered. But what defines morality in ethics is the position of ethical relativism, the belief that ethical view-points are relative to one culture or another. One of the most indignant moral issues at hand is abortion. Every individual agrees the medical procedures which culminate into an abortion. But there seems to be an equally repulsive response when it comes to agreeing the morality of abortion. In short, the matter of abortion has its agreement on medical science but doesnt touch upon the area of medical ethics. So, at all points of time, the entire scenario is a relative representation of a statement and it is an appearance but not the reality. I have always observed myself making hollow as well as emotionally driven promises and always have the statement Promises ought to be kept at the back of my mind. This seems to be a moral principl e, but it cannot be categorized as a factual claim. But on close observation, the truth factor within the statement shows close relations between such a statement and a mathematical proposition. If the phenomenon of promise is known and the true essence of its obligation is understood, there exists a relation between ideas. Though relativism and subjectivism are parallel in certain terms, art as an area of knowledge has been considered as a representation of reality. Friedrich Nietzsche aphorism We have art in order not to die of the truth, self-consciously asserts the fact that this world has art in order to live the truth. Though the ways of knowing have paved the path for the route to attaining truth in these three areas of knowledge, where reasoning, emotion and perception have dominated the approach to the ultimate reality in math, ethics and arts respectively, the truth value in each of its statements has a certain similarity. The form of assumptions which are utilized in proving a certain statement to be true is a recurring observation in all three areas of knowledge. The kind of truth that art is striving to convey to us may be completely different from the ay an individual may perceive it. Hence how do we judge a piece of art if it holds completely different opinions in the minds of 2 people? When viewing a work of art, it may evoke an emotion, and the recognition of this emotion may be an indication of the truth. However, there is a common view-point amongst people that photography has revolutionized the way truth is perceived since it portrays a much more accurate picture of the entire scenari o. Since the photo is a mere observation and appearances are truly deceptive. It is established that the truth involved in a painting is not prejudiced but a projection of the individuals personal interpretation, hence speaks about the viewer. Truth in terms of art is a reflection of beauty and is completely devoid of any form of logic. Truth has been shaped in numerous ways pertaining to the satisfaction of the individual contesting the truth in his mind. There is one single truth in relation to a statement and through the exploration into three distinct areas of knowledge, I have understood that the method of approaching the subject is what defines the truth involved in it. Plato himself argued to a great extent that there is a definite answer for anything to be considered good or bad, if one exercises his deductive reasoning skills as opposed to what the Sophists believed that such statements are a matter of subjective truth and is totally based on human interpretation and his desire.

Aristotle’s Elements of Tragedy Essay -- Creek, Poetics, Tragedy

Aristotle is one of the most important western philosophers in history that has influenced our society in many aspects. Many of Aristotle’s teachings have affected our world for many years and still continue to have such a big impact. Some of the subjects Aristotle has influenced include: logic, physics, government and poetry. Aristotle’s study of poetry mainly focused on the elements to a good tragedy. Some of his elements have been used in Greek tragedies and modern movies. The Greek play, Medea, and the modern movie, No Country for Old Men, use elements from Aristotle philosophy, while using similar and different techniques but both achieving an effective tragedy. In Aristotle’s book, Poetics, he defines tragedy as, â€Å"an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and possessing magnitude; in embellished language, each kind of which is used separately in the different parts; in the mode of action and not narrated; and effecting through pity and fear† (Aristotle 1149). Tragedy creates a cause and effect chain of actions that clearly gives the audience ideas of possible events. The six parts to Aristotle’s elements of tragedy are: Plot, character, language, thought, spectacle, and melody. According to Aristotle, the most important element is the plot. Aristotle writes in Poetics that, â€Å"It is not for the purpose of presenting their characters that the agents engage in action, but rather it is for the sake of their actions that they take on the characters they have† (Aristotle 1150). Plots should have a beginning, middle, and end that have a unity of actions throughout the play making it complete. In addi tion, the plot should be complex making it an effective tragedy. The second most important element is character. Characters... ...hough the two demonstrate the elements in different ways, they both achieve an effective tragedy. Now after learning about Aristotle’s philosophy on tragedy, one can examine any type of tragic poetry, play, movie and analysis if the elements are portrayed. Its interesting to see how much of Aristotle’s philosophy has effected poetry in the art of the Greek tragedy, Medea, and the modern movie, No Country for Old Men. Works Cited Aristotle. Poetics. Trans. Gerald F. Else. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1967. Dorsch, T. R., trans. and ed. Aristotle Horace Longinus: Classical Literary Criticism. New York: Penguin, 1965. Ley, Graham. The Ancient Greek Theater. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991. Reinhold, Meyer. Classical Drama, Greek and Roman. New York: Barrons, 1959. Puchner, Martin. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Vol. A. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012. Print.

The Implicat of Sin in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Implicat of Sin in The Scarlet Letter Sin is the transgression of a moral code designated by either society or the transgressor. The Puritans of Boston in the novel, The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, establish a rigid moral code by which to purge their society of deviants. As this society is inherently theocratic, the beliefs and restrictions established by religion are not only incorporated into law but constitute all law. In this manner, the moral code of the Puritan society thoroughly pervades the lives of its individuals, and any presence of iniquity is felt in all aspects of their lives. In The Scarlet Letter, the characters' lives are controlled by the sin they commit. Hester Prynne's adultery causes her alienation from the Puritan society in which she lives. After the term of her confinement ends, she moves into a remote, secluded cottage on the outskirts of town, inducing a physical separation from the townspeople. Because of this seclusion from society, the Puritans regard her with much curiosity and suspicion: " Children...would creep nigh enough to behold her plying her needle at the cottage-window...and discerning the scarlet letter on her breast, would scamper off with a strange, contagious fear." In addition to the physical separation, a more intangible manner of exclusion also exists, in that Hester becomes a pariah. She is subject to derision and malice from the lowliest of vagrants to the most genteel of individuals of the community, though many are often the recipients of her care and attention: "The poor...whom she sought out to be the objects of her bounty, often reviled the hand that was stretched forth to succor them...Dames of elevated rank, likewise, were accustomed to distill drops of bitterness into her heart." Hester cannot feel any sort of kinship with the townspeople in light of the treatment she receives from them, thus alienating her even further from Puritan society. Formerly an inhabitant within the bounds of the community as well as a member of the community, she is now outcast in both respects. Just as the act of adultery is pivotal in Hester's life, this sin effects a similar manipulation of Arthur Dimmesdale's life. Dimmesdale's guilt over his sin continually torments him throughout

The History of the Home Vidieo Game :: essays research papers

How to be an Air Head   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Have you ever noticed how guys tend to flock around airheads? Have you ever wanted to be an airhead, but did not know how? Well worry no more, this short essay will provide you the basics on how to be an air head.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, we will start with the appearance. You should wear platform sneakers, or platform shoes (if you do not have any, then wear the hokiest pair of shoes you have). An inadequate walk helps the over all image of an airhead. Moving on to your outfit, all your pants should be about four inches below your knee. For your top, a short sleeved, brightly colored, crop top will do. Carry a purse that is not long enough to carry on your shoulders, but is a little too long to carry by hand. Make sure to swing the purse back and forth when walking. Wear your hair either up in a ponytail, or just the top layer up, big bangs are a necessity. The more hairspray you use the better. The Second, most important part, of being an airhead is the mind set. For this you will have to get a pack of bubbleishis bubble gum, and pop a piece in your mouth. Chew the gum with your mouth open. Now it is time for the hardest part. Forget everything you have learned from first grade on up, this is vital to being an airhead. Then perfect the look a puppy gets, when it's first yelled at for doing something wrong. (The wag the tail look of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢re talking louder than Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ve ever heard, but Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ll keep waging my tail until I know why.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) Use this whenever someone asks you any kind of questions. Use a clueless smile the rest of the time. You can also try bouncing your head from side to side or some hair swinging, which- ever technique you feel more comfortable using.

Animal Farm Essay Essay

George Orwell’s satirical fable Animal Farm perfectly puts these famous words first quoted by Lord Acton in a letter to Bishop Mandell Creighton in 1887, into a real life scenario. In actual fact Acton stated in his letter: â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolutely power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men. † No doubt that when Lord Acton wrote this letter, he was referring to an event that had occurred during his time as he, like Orwell, is a social commentator and was most probably reflecting on a leader that had let power get to his head. This phrase however, based on a particular event as it is, has gone on and become a timeless and ever resurfacing trait of man. Acton’s Comment is quite vague however it goes into the very heart of the dynamics of political power and its chance of corrupting. George Orwell in his novella Animal Farm warns of this trait of man and tries to teach that man is weak and those in the position of power will give in to corruption if give the chance to. In the purpose of this essay I will describe the corruption of the Animal Farm movie adaptation and who after gaining total power over the book the producers completely corrupted it. This essay will describe how the Animal Farm (the movie), was corrupted in the purpose of setting, character and theme. For a long time producers have been making filmic adaptations of book hoping to cash in on their popularity. However in most cases producers have been changing, shortening and to some point corrupting whole movies just to suit their own needs. Unfortunately the filmic adaptation of Animal Farm has not been spared from this awful trend that seems to follow all classical books. It has been corrupted beyond recognition and bears no meaning. The producers have taken a book that is full of meaning, ripped it apart and turned it into a happy g-rated book with no meaning at all. What is incredibly ironic is that when George Orwell put out his novella he wanted to educate the masses and teach them about the flaws of communism and how man could become corrupt is given too much power. On the other hand the producers have used his book to send out the exact opposite message; they have used the book to tell ‘children’ that communism is wrong and totally unachievable. In other words the producers have taken a book that sends out the message ‘power corrupts’ and then, after gaining total power of it, have corrupted it themselves. George Orwell, in his novella, has not gone into great detail when explaining the setting. Whereas on the other hand, the movie adaptation of the film has gone into great detail with the settings and to what feelings they create. The producers have done this as this is a film meant for kids and the easiest way to tell kids that something is not right, apart from just telling them, is to show them. The producers even went to the trouble of hiring 80 animators just to create the scenery and totally manipulate children’s views. An example of this is with the movie’s description of Manor Farm, which is later called Animal Farm. In the book George Orwell does not go into great detail about the setting but does describe it as a farm that was not looked after too well but was not that bad. In the movie adaptation however, the farm is shown differently. The farm is shown as an unhappy place that â€Å"had fallen on evil days†. They have used dark dreary colors to portray the farm and make it somehow look sinister. They producers have done this so that they can influence the opinions of children and make then, from the offset believe that the farm under Jones’s rule is a bad place. That if you look at it symbolically implies that the country of Russia under the rule of the Tsar is a bad place. Another example of this is when, just before and directly after the revolution the color patterns change once again. This time the farm is shown as a bright and colorful place that is full of joy and excitement. This change in patterns is obviously to tell kids that the revolution is a good thing. The only other real change in scenery comes near the end of the movie. This is when the producers switch back again to the dark and gloomy theme implying that the animals have yet again gone into a bad time. The characters that have been included in the movie are corrupted just the same as the setting. I would even say that the characters are even more corrupted then the setting. For starters many of the characters that George Orwell included in his book have been discarded. The two characters that have been corrupted the most are the characters of Snowball and Napoleon. In the book George Orwell says this for snowball: â€Å"Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not considered to have the same depth of character. † In the movie Snowball is shows as a vicious pig that has fangs and trotters that look very much like claws. The movie also depicts him as a pure white pig. Napoleon is much like snowball as he too is depicted to have fangs and claws the only difference between him and snowball is that he is blackish in color and is a bit plumper. This seems to imply that snowball in the better of the two. All of the remaining characters have also been corrupt as in the book they were depicted as being able to speak, but in the movie the animal’s, apart from the pigs, are shown as not smart enough to talk. The only animal, apart from the pigs, in the whole movie that talk, are the sheep. This is another example of corruption as in the book the sheep are represented as the dumb followers that actually did not know what was happening. In the movie however, the producers make the sheep able to speak, clearly implying that the sheep are smarter than the other animals. Another character whose role has been corrupt and changed is Benjamin. This is what George Orwell said of him in his book; â€Å"Benjamin was the oldest animal on the farm and the worst tempered. He seldom talked, and when he did, it was usually to make some cynical remark†¦ Alone among the animals on the farm he never laughed. If asked why, he would say that he saw nothing to laugh at. Nevertheless, without openly admitting it, he was devoted to Boxer. † In the movie Benjamin is described as a hard worker that does all he can to help the farm. This is totally out of character for Benjamin. From reading the book you can clearly tell that Benjamin does no more than he is required to do and is very retracted from the rebellion. The producers have clearly Benjamin like they have to imply that he is hero. The plot in the Animal Farm movie adaptation has also been corrupted. The plot is the least corrupted part of the whole movie which is a surprising fact. Only a few factors from the book, in the whole movie, have been corrupted. One of the minor things that have been changed is the fact that the animals are never taught the tune of â€Å"Beasts Of England†. In the movie it is shown that the animals already know the tune. An interesting fact to note is that the actual words of the song are never sung but are replaced by a tune. Another thing that has been corrupted is the seven commandments. Some of the rules that were in the original book have been left out of the movie. These rules are; â€Å"whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy, No animal shall wear clothes† these rules have been omitted from the movie for no obvious reason. One surprising thing that has been added to the rules however, is Napoleon’s maxim, â€Å"four legs good, two legs bad. † This, like the omitted rules, has no reason, beyond the producers wanting to simplify the movie for the kids watching it. The thing that has been the most corrupted in terms of plot, is the ending. In the original book Benjamin is left â€Å"looking from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. † Whereas is the movie Benjamin sends out a battle cry and leads the animal into a counter-revolution. This obviously happens as the producers believe that having a happy ending would please the children that were watching. The motto â€Å"Power Corrupts, Therefore Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely† may have just been a random phrase, said by a random person, at a random time, but it has become one of the phrases that defines our planet. From the corruption of George w. Bush in the Global War Against Terrorism, to the more serious corruptions of Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi government. One thing is for certain, no matter where we go, where we run, corruption will always follow is there is any power to be gained. References 1. http://www. enotes. com/animal-farm/discuss/how-can-animal-farm-viewed-warning-3103 2. http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/animalfarm/facts. html  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1954_film)

Physics Preliminary Course Overview

natural philosophy Preliminary 8. 2 The World Communicates 1. The fly high model empennage be use to explain how certain technologies manoeuvre info 1. reap the efficacy trans get upations lookd in cardinal of the creation Mobile anticipate Fax/modem Radio and television A. An free skill trans reverberateation is a mixed bag in the type of naught, for eccentric a intensify from hard capacity to electro attractive featureized agitates.Relating this to the liquid teleph maven, it undergoes basic nix transformations of, estim fitting loop (your voice), to galvanizing naught (in the wires inside the ph whiz and exactly(a)), to electromag salaryic piteous ridges (from the ph unmatched to the tower), to voltaical nil (at the tower), wherefore(prenominal) to electromag interlockic jolts (to r individu anyy the receiving ph whizz), so voltaical cipher (inside the receiving ph ace), then to adept thrills (at the loudspeaker system of the receivi ng ph self-colouredness) 2. Describe turn overs as a transfer of capacity trouble that may dec slackening in one, deuce or tierce dimensions, depending on the constitution of the joggle and the mode locate A.Waves carry dexterity and more or less(prenominal) judgment of convictions they require a mediocre and most eras they adoptt. Laser turn ons atomic number 18 an example of a 1 Dimensional wave, water waves ar an example of a 2D wave go an example of 3D waves is a travel wave 3. post that machinelike waves require a in statuseiate for elongation while electromagnetic waves do non A. Mechanical waves, such as grave waves, water waves and hide outquake waves inquire a speciality (a substance) to travel finished with(predicate), they fuel non black market from one tip to other(prenominal) if in that location is postcode (a vacuum) amongst the ii stopovers.On the other bowl over electromagnetic waves do non need a fair to travel through. An e xample of this is in musculus quadriceps femoris, which is a vacuum, if you call step onwards in space your extend waves do not penetrate out of your space suit. However electromagnetic waves do, and then you net see the readable from the sun. Even simpler, in space you cig bet see a planet explode, unless you gagenot hear it. 4. pay back and apply the fol pitiableing scathe to the wave model long suit, shift, bounteousness, period, compression, r befaction, height, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, often beatnikness, wavelength, and hurrying A.Mechanical Waves The mathematical group of waves that required a intermediate for transmission, e. g. sound waves Electromagnetic Waves The group of waves that do not require a mean(a) for transmission i. e. ultraviolet light, visible light etc. They all travel at the very(prenominal) rush in a vacuum, which is the recreate of light. Transverse Waves Waves in which the particles loom at justly tippyto es to the advocate of relocation of the wave, e. g. bulge out water waves. Direction of extension phone The c atomic number 18 of drift of a waveLongitudinal Waves Waves in which the particles oscillate fit to the counsel of act of the wave e. g. sound. Periodic Waves Wave disturbance that repeat themselves at regular intervals. Compressions Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particle atomic number 18 nearly unitedly. The request where the sensitive has a level best density R atomic number 18factions Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles argon string out apart. The plosive speech sound where the noticeable suit has a minimum density. superlative The superlative of a wave where the particles of the medium subscribe a supreme sack upwards or in a positive direction.Trough The stop consonant of a wave where the particles of the medium strike a maximum chemise downwards or in a ostracize direction bountifulness The maximum fault of the particles of a medium from their rest determine Wavefront An imaginary line joining each group of adjacent particles that atomic number 18 in a phase with each other. Wavelength The withdrawnness amidst any cardinal corresponding tear downs of a wave intercourse frequence the number of waves that elucidate a point in one endorse Period Number of crest passages per social unit time. 5. Describe the alliance in the midst of particle transaction and the direction of expertness propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves A.Particles in the medium bleed in a direction perpendicular to the operation of transverse wave. Particles in the medium relocation in a direction of analog of latitude to the motion of longitudinal waves 6. Quantify the relationship mingled with pep pill, oftenness and wavelength for a wave A. V=fw (v= travel rapidlying, f= frequency, w=wavelength) 2. Features of a wave model layabout be employ to account for the properties of soun d 1. discern that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium A. Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium to travel through.As compressions and expansions (or rarefactions) of particles that make up the medium, sound is a vibration of the medium. 2. Relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves use to represent them A. Compressions Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particle are mingy together. The point where the medium has a maximum density Rarefactions Regions of a longitudinal wave where the particles are spread apart. The point where the medium has a minimum density. cover The point of a wave where the particles of the medium progress to a maximum displacement upwards or in a positive direction.Trough The point of a wave where the particles of the medium reach a maximum displacement downwards or in a negative direction 3. formulate qualitatively that weight is adjoind to frequen cy and flock to amplitude of sound waves A. Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point in one second while the pitch is related to the number of vibrations per second. The pitch of a sound relates to the frequency of the sound emitted while the amplitude relates to the volume of that sound. E. g. if you have a high amplitude you pass on have a loud sound.When the frequency increases so does the pitch. 4. Explain an echo as a observance of a sound wave A. An echo occurs when a sound wave is reflected get through a surface and returns to the source. 5. Describe the principle of superposition and comparing the eventing waves to the original waves in sound A. When devil separate waves meet they disregard be added to or subtracted to make a pertly wave. An example of this with sound waves is, if you have one person shout, and then you get two people to shout, each at the same volume as the graduation person, the resulting volume depart be the sum of the two volumes. . Recent technological developments have al depleteded great use of the electromagnetic spectrum 1. Describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their amphetamine in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation A. Electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through because electromagnetic waves do not vibrate particles so they bm intot need a vaccum. In space (a vacuum) electromagnetic waves travel at the further of light, a constant pit to 2. come upon the electromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the asynchronous transfer mode, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays A.The palpablems atmosphere provides a protective opposite from harmful electromagnetic radiation. Fortunately this dowery of the EM spectrum (UV rays, X-rays and Gamma rays) is filtered by the Earths atmosphere. Earths atmosphere filters out most of the electromagnetic waves overleap for visible light and piano tuner waves. 3. call methods for the detection of various wavebands i n the electromagnetic spectrum A. Radio waves are discover with communicate call forrs that are machine-accessible to aerials. Microwaves are detected with piezo voltaic automobile crystals. Visible light is detected by photo galvanic automobile cells. 4.Explain that the relationship amongst the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and blank space from a source is an example of the opposite word square impartiality A. The strength of a signal is proportional to the square of the hold from the source of that signal. This performer that at twice the distance the signal has 1? 4 of its original strength. 5. Outline how the conversion of amplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves weed be utilize to transmit information A. Modulation is the attend of conveying a message signal inside another signal that can be materially transmitted.With amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude or strength of the carrier wave signal is varied, which cor responds to channelizes in the sound, while its frequency go forwards constant. With frequency modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier wave is altered accord to changes in sound while the amplitude remains constant. 6. controvert problems produced by the trammel range of the electromagnetic spectrum available for confabulation purposes A. There is only a special range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that can be apply for dialogue purposes. 4.Many communication technologies use covers of reflectance and digression of electromagnetic waves 1. Describe and apply the honor of check and explain the effect of considerateness from a plane surface on waves A. reflectance is the bouncing of a wave when it hits a surface or obstacle. looks of all types of waves follow the law of reflection. wobble of Incidence = Angle of Reflection The law of reflection states that the shift of the incident wave must bear on the hie of the reflected wave and the inc ident wave and the reflected wave must lie in the same plane.It is important to remember that the angle of relative incidence and the angle of reflection is heedful from the normal. The normal is perpendicular to the plane of reflection (e. g. a mirror). 2. Describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have back up in information transfer A. Reflection of light is utilize fibre optics and in CDs. Fibre optics allow for circleive get alongitys of information transfer. Reflection of radio waves are utilised when radio waves are reflected off the ionosphere. Television and radio use this reflection to transfer information. . Describe one application of reflection for each of the following glance over surfaces Concave surfaces Convex surfaces Radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere A. Reflection on a plane surface is used in applications such as, CD-ROM, where the laser beam is every reflected of the CD or not. Reflection of b iconvex surfaces is used in security mirrors, where it broad(a)ns the athletic compass of view. Reflection of concave surfaces is used in torches, where the rays of light travelling backwards are projected forward, for more brightness. It is overly used in satellite dishes.The ionosphere reflects a luck of radio waves sent up, back towards commonwealth. This allows for information to be sent through the radio waves over long distances. 4. Explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wave front A. Refraction is the bending of light as it changes zip upon entering a medium with different optical density. 5. intend refractive index in terms of changes in the focal ratio of a wave in go across from one medium to another A. The refractive index of a medium is the change in swiftness of a wave from one medium to another. therefore refractive index is related to the race of a wave in th at medium 6. influence Snells jurisprudence A. 7. break the conditions demand for totality inwrought reflection with file name extension to the critical angle A. The critical angle is the angle of incidence, which forms an angle of refraction at 90. If the angle of incidence is little than the critical angle then you lead have normal refraction, and if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle then you forget have total internal reflection. 8. Outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres A.Optical fibres become by having one medium coat by another medium with a deject refractive index. The angle that enters this is greater than the critical angle so therefore the ray of light bounces nearly inside and travels from one end to another, neer exiting the fibre. Therefore a light ray can travel through the wire. The ray of light never has an angle of incidence of less(prenominal) than the critical angle, so the ray never escapes the optica l fibre. 5. Electromagnetic waves have possible for future communication technologies and data terminus technologies 1.Identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form A. Digital data is data that can be delimit by numbers. Examples of digital communication take on fax, Internet, telephone calls, etc 8. 3 Electrical Energy in the headquarters 1. Society has become increasingly domestic energy dependent on electricity over the last 200 division 1. Discuss how the main sources of domestic energy have changed over time A. The first main source of domestic energy used by sympathetics was fire, through wood, and then came domesticated animals, wind and water, coal, coal gas, electricity, fuel oils, solar and lastly thermonuclear energy.These have developed from the start of human existence to now. 2. Assess both(prenominal) of the impacts of changes in, and change straddle access to, sources of energy for a association -More pollution -More demand for electrical energy -More electrical devices -Increased demand for energy 3. Discuss some of the ways in which electricity can be provided in outback(a) locations Alternative staff officefulness sources can be used, such as solar or wind. 2. unmatchable of the main advantages of electricity is that is can be moved with comparative ease from one place to another through electric enlistments . Describe the behaviour of electrostatic frissons and the properties of the houses associated with them A. An aspiration becomes electrostatically aerated when there is every a wish or excess of electrons. The two types of trip are called positive dedicate and negative bloom. Electrostatic strikes cause aerated particles to move of change direction. Electrostatic hinge ons create a report of charge. An electric world is a region in which a aerated particle get out experience a beat back. 2. Define the unit of electric charge as the ampere-second. A.The SI unit of charge is the century (C). A charge of 1 C is equal to the charge provided by 6. 25 x 10 (to the agent of 18) electrons. This gives a charge of -1. 6 x 10 (-19 world-beater) C for one electron. One coulomb is define as the amount of charge that passes a point when a veritable of one ampere lams for one second. 3. Define the electric field as a field of big businessman with a field strength equal to the lunge per unit charge at that point 4. Define electric legitimate as the rate at which charge flows (coulombs/ second or amperes) under the influence of an electric field A.Electric up-to-the-minute is defined as the amount of electric charge flux past a assumption point in a given time interval. The SI unit of electric authoritative is coulombs per second (C. s-1) or ampere (A), 1 amp is equal to 1 coulomb of charge passing a given point in 1 second. stately new runs from + to -. The electron movement is in the opposite direction of conventional electric current. 5. hear that current can be either direct with the net flow of charge carriers abject in one direction or alternating with the charge carriers moving backwards and forwards periodically A. AC current involves the oscillation of electrons due to an electric field that is unceasingly changing direction. about generators produce alternating current by agency of a coil rotating in a magnetic field. With DC current flow, the electrons in a wire have an overall flow in only one direction. This is the method used in batteries, torches, portable radios, lights in cars, and toys. 6. Describe electric likely difference (voltage) betwixt two points as the change in capability energy per unit charge moving from one point to the other (joules/coulomb or volts). A. 7.Discuss how dominance difference changes at different points rough a DC tour of duty A. electromotive result or potential difference is defined as the change in energy when one unit of charge is moved from one point to another or the put to work through with(p) to move one unit of charge from one point to another. Decreases as it move around the circuit. 8. Identify the difference surrounded by conductors and insulators A. -A conductor is a substance in which there are free charged particles and so a charge is able to flow through it. -An insulator is a substance in which free charged particles are limited and so a charge is not able to flow through it. . Define resistance as the ratio of voltage to current for a particular conductor 10. Describe qualitatively how each of the following affects the movement of electricity through a conductor A. duration The longer the natural the high the resistance is. Cross sectional area The large the cross sectional area the lower the resistance is. So the thicker the wire then lower the resistance. Temperature The higher the temperature of a material, the higher the resistance is. Material Different materials have different resistances. This is calle d the resistivity of that material. . Series and duplicate circuits serve different purposes in households 1. Identify the difference mingled with serial and parallel circuits A. A Parallel circuit is a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths in front recombining to complete the circuit. A series is a circuit having its parts connected serially Advantages of employ parallel circuitry over series circuitry in household wiring include You can have some devices on and others off at the same time. If one device fails the others still work. All devices receive the highest possible voltage. 2.Compare parallel and series circuits in terms of voltage across theatrical roles and current through them A. In a parallel circuit the voltage is the same end-to-end the whole circuit while the current is divided mingled with evenly throughout the circuit. In a series circuit the current is the same throughout the circuit while the voltage is divided evenly th rough the components of the circuit. 3. Identify uses of ammeters and voltmeters A. Ammeters are used to meter current. Voltmeters are used to cadence voltage. To footstep the voltage of a component the voltmeter is placed in parallel with the component.To measure the current passing through a component, the ammeter is placed in series with the component. When an ammeters work best if they have a low resistance. And voltmeters work best if they have a high resistance. 4. Explain why ammeters and voltmeters are connected differently in a circuit A. Voltage is sometimes called potential difference. So it is measuring the difference between two points, so is must be placed in parallel so that it can measure the difference between before and by and by that component. Current is a measure of the rate at which charge flows, and therefore must be connected in series.Ammeters have a low resistance. 5. Explain why there are different circuits for lighting, heating and other appliances in a house A. Because if they were all on the same circuit there would not be enough power to run all the appliances so they are spread out on some(prenominal) circuits so there is enough power. 4. The amount of power is related to the rate at which energy is transformed 1. Explain that power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to another A. place is the term used to describe how quickly energy (otherwise cognize as work) is transformed from one form to another, or transmitted from one point to another. . Identify the relationship between power, potential difference and current A. 3. Identify that the total amount of energy used depends on the length of time the current is flowing and can be careful using Energy = VIt A. Energy = Voltage ? Current ? Time Energy = Power ? Time Energy is measured in joules (J). 4. Explain why the kilowatt-hour is used to measure electrical energy consumption quite a than the joule A. 1 kWh is 1 kW every hour. The kWh is used to measure energy consumption. 5. Electric currents also produce magnetic fields and these fields are used in different devices in the post . Describe the behaviour of the magnetic bet ons of choke up magnets when they are brought close together A. magnetized fields are from north to southeasternerly. When two bar magnets are brought close together the magnetic fields around their impels will produce a force between the two magnets. If two like games (north pole and north pole OR south pole and south pole) are brought close together they will disgust each other while if two unalike poles (a north pole and a south pole) are brought close together they will attract each other. Like poles repel Unlike poles attract. 2.Define the direction of the magnetic field at a point as the direction of force on a very small north magnetic pole when placed at that point A. The direction of a magnetic field at any point is defined as the direction the north pole of a compass would indicate at that point. 3. Describe the magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles A. The magnetic field around pairs of magnetic poles is best expound by describing the lines of magnetic flux. Lines of flux are direct from the north pole to the south pole and never cross. In a strong magnetic field they are close together while in a weak magnetic field they are well apart. . Describe the production of a magnetic field by an electric current in a unbent current carrying conductor and describe how the right eliminate grip rule can determine the direction of current and field lines A. When current is passed through a conductor, a magnetic field is created around it. The direction of the magnetic field can be found using the right hand rule. Point your right hand feel in the direction of the current and the direction of your fingers is the direction of the magnetic field. 5. Compare the nature and generation of magnetic fields by solenoids and a bar magnet A. A solenoid is coil of wire. When a current is passed though a solenoid, a magnetic field similar to that of a bar magnet is produced. 6. preventative devices are important in household circuit 1. Discuss the dangers of an electric shock from both a 240volt AC mains supply and various DC voltages, from appliances, on the muscles of the body A. There are several dangers when the muscles of the body are exposed to electric shocks. These are Pain receptors are normally activated. Involuntary contraction of the muscles ordinarily means that the person will not be able to let go of the power source. The heart is stunned and goes into fibrillation. Severe burn down are inevitable. Instant death often occurs. 2. Describe the functions of circuit breakers, unites, earthing, double insulation and other safety devices in the central office A. Double Insulating works by housecoat or encasing the electric components of an appliance with insulating material The insulating property of these materials sets up a ph ysical barrier to prevent the flow of electricity from the electric appliance to its user. A fuse is a short piece of an demoralize of lead and tin, connected in series with the devices that it controls. The fuse is designed to melt when the current passing through it exceeds its threshold value. spell Breakers breaks the circuit when the current passing through it exceeds the threshold value by mechanical means The active and neutral wires are connected to the functional electric unit of the appliance to deliver electricity. The earth wire is attached to the case of the appliance, which is make of metal. 8. 4 piteous About 1. Vehicles do not typically travel at a constant locomote 1. Identify that a typical jaunt involves speed change A. Motion occurs when an intent changes its position relative to other inclinings or in spite of appearance some machinate system.A frame of extension service is an butt or a coordinate system that can be used to describe or compare mot ions. At the start of a journey your speed is 0 by the end of the journey you would have had to stop at merchandise lights go up and down hills and e. g. 2. line between the instantaneous and average speed of fomites and other bodies A. Average Speed Is your total distance taken by the time it took you to go that distance. fast Speed is the speed that you are travelling at any given instant 3. Distinguish between scalar and transmitter quantities in equations A. scalar uantites have a magnitude but no direction examples include distance, speed and time. Vector quantities have a magnitude and a direction. Examples include velocity, force and displacement 4. Compare instantaneous and average speed with instantaneous and average velocity A. Instantaneous speed is a scalar measure, on the other hand instantaneous velocity is a vector quantity. Average speed is also a scalar quantity and average velocity is a vector quantity. Average speed takes into account your whole journey, where as average velocity only takes into account the starting and ending points. 5. Define average velocity asA. 2. An outline of the external forces on fomites helps to understand the set up of speedup and deceleration 1. Describe the motion of one body relative to another A. Motion occurs when an butt changes its position relative to other objects or within some coordinate system. e. g. You are watching brush wolf chase Road starting time. Road runners velocity is 17 m. s east and Coyotes velocity is 15 m. s east. Road Runners velocity RELATIVE to you is 17 m. s east. Road Runners velocity RELATIVE to Coyote is 2 m. s east. 2. Identify the recyclableness of using vector diagrams to assist solving problems A.Vector diagrams are used to add vectors, to materialise the incidental vector. This can be used to find the net force on an object from many smaller forces. Addition of vectors is also used to find total displacement 3. Explain the need for a net external force to act in or der to change the velocity of an object A. An object remains at rest, or in like motion in a honest line unless acted on by an external force. This is also known as the law of inaction. It basically means that a moving object will travel in a straight line at a constant velocity until an external unbalanced force acts pon the object. 4. Describe the actions that must be taken for a fomite to change direction, speed up and purblind down A. As stated by northwards 1st law of motion, in order to change a vehicles direction or speed, you need an external force, to act on the vehicle. However on earth there is, dryness, air resistance and rubbing to slow a car down, and trust from the engine and friction with the ground and the tyres to speed up a car. 5. Describe the typical effect of external forces on bodies including Friction between surfaces Air resistance A.Friction examples are constantly seen throughout a normal sidereal day and it normally slows you down or helps chan ge direction 6. Define average quickening as A. 7. Define the terms mass and weight with reference to the do of gravity A. Mass is the amount of matter in a body whereas weight is the force due to gravity acting on that mass. Weight is equal to mass times force due to gravity, which on earth is 9. 8 m. s. This is an extension of newtons 2nd law of motion. F=ma 8. Outline the forces involved in causation a change in the velocity of a vehicle when Coasting with no contract on the accelerator Pressing on the accelerator Pressing on the halt Passing over an icy part on the road Climbing and fall hills Following a curve in the road A. 9. Interpret Newtons Second Law of Motion and relate it to the equation A. The net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass and its acceleration in the direction of the force. 10. Identify the net force in a wide variety of situations involving modes of transport and explain the consequences of the application of that net force in terms of Newtons Second Law of Motion A. Net force is defined as the vector sum of all forces.The net force is the resultant force of all individual forces acting on an object at that time. If the net force is zero, then the forces acting are describe as balanced. The object will attend Newtons first law of motion, that is, it will either progress to move at a constant velocity or remain stationary. If the net force is not a zero value, it is described as an unbalanced force. In this case, the object follows Newtons second law of motion and acceleration will result. 3. Moving vehicles have kinetic energy and energy transformations are an important aspect in understanding motion . Identify that a moving object possesses kinetic energy and that work done on that object can increase that energy 2. Describe the energy transformations that occur in collisions expansile potential energy is the energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their stretchability or compressing. In an elastic collision, the EK after the collision is equal to the kinetic energy before the collision. Inelastic collisions result in the transformation of energy into other forms. It is usually lost to the surroundings in the form of heat or sound and is no longer in a useful form. . Define the law of conservation of energy Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one body to another or transformed from one type to another. 4. heighten of pulsing relates to the forces acting on the vehicle or the driver 1. Define pulsing as caprice is a measure of an objects tendency to move in a straight line with constant speed. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity p ? mv 2. Define impulse as the product of force and time lust is force applied over a period of time Impulse = issue (Times) Time 3.Explain why momentum is hold in collisions in terms of Newtons Third Law of motion In any collision, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the tota l momentum after the collision 5. Safety devices are utilised to reduce the effects of changing momentum 1. Define the inactivity of a vehicle as its tendency to remain in uniform motion or at rest The inertia of a vehicle is its tendency to remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by an external force. That is why when you crash a vehicle into a wall, it will continue to collide and squash into the wall quite of just stopping.This is also why a rider in a vehicle continues to go forward when the breaks of a vehicle are applied. Because the car may have forces slowing it down but the passenger has a tendency to continue forward 2. Discuss reasons why Newtons First Law of Motion is not apparent in many real world situations There is always some type of friction that will even out motion. Whether it is air resistance or friction between the object and the surface it travels on, it is unacceptable to completely eliminate friction. This is why objects do not remain in unif orm motion. 3.Assess the reasons for the introduction of low speed zones in built-up areas and the addition of air bags and crumple zones to vehicles with compliance to the concepts of impulse and momentum Air Bags and buckle Zones both increase the stopping distance of a vehicle. Relating back to Impulse = tweet ? Distance, If the distance is increased, the force is lower, this reduces the forces put on an the vehicle, and the occupants inside it. Low Speed zones are in place because, the slower your velocity, the less momentum you have and the faster you can stop 4. Evaluate the effectiveness of some safety features of motor vehicles 8. 5 The cosmic Engine